xvi ILLUSTRATIONS 



1 6. Black Alkali Crust Forming where the Land has been 



Wet ' 115 



17. Cultivated Land that had to be Abandoned because 



of the Rise of Alkali 143 



18. Alkali Eating away the Fence Posts 147 



19. Typical Hard Pan Found in Arid Soils 156 



20. Field Ready for Laying Tile 168 



21. Boggy Alkali Land that is Difficult to Drain with 



Short Tile 171 



22. Open Ditch used to Carry away the Drainage 



Water from a Large Area 172 



23. Machine for Making Drains in Heavy Soil without 



the Use of Tile 173 



24. Poorly Made Cement that is being Crumbled by 



Alkali 175 



25. Method of Establishing Grade of Drains 177 



26. Types of Lumber Drains used to Reclaim Boggy 



Alkali Land 180 



27. Wood Drains being used to Drain Boggy Alkali Land 184 



28. Drainage Machine with Digging Wheel above 



the Ground 186 



29. Drainage Machine with Digging Wheel in the Trench 187 



30. Silt Box with Lid. The Silt that Settles in the Box 



can be Spaded Out 189 



31. Alkali Spot in a Grain Field 211 



32. The More Tender Trees are being Killed with Rising 



Alkali, while Alfalfa is Still Unaffected 227 



33. Layer of Alkali Several Feet below the Surface 241 



