THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 197 



These facts are to be borne in mind in connection with spraying 

 ■operations. 



THE FULL-GROWN LARVA. 



The large larva is the best known form of the codling moth 

 but we may here call attention to some characteristic features by 

 which this species may be distinguished from other kinds of larvae. 

 The body is pale yellow in general color excepting the back which 

 is usually pinkish. While in the very young larva the head is black, 

 when older it is brown, as are also the two shields, one just poster- 

 ior to the head, and one of the opposite extremity of the body. 

 Three pair of rudimentary legs occur at the anterior end and on 

 the posterior parts are five pair of pro-legs which are of service 

 •only through the larval stage. When full grown the larva is about 

 three fourths of an inch in length. 



THE COCOON AND PUPA. 



When the larva has reached full size which requires about 20 

 days it bores to the surface making the familiar large exit opening 

 •on the side of the fruit. At the end of the passage a block of frass 

 is formed which is pushed aside as the larva leaves. Absence of the 

 block indicates that the larva has gone. 



On leaving the fruit the larva seeks a place in which to form 

 its cocoon. Usually the trunk of a tree is preferred or if the ap- 

 ple has dropped to the ground a suitable place for pupation may be 

 found in a crack in the earth, under a clod of soil, in or 

 imder any foreign object, or the larva ma}- ascend the trunk 

 of a tree. (Jn the tree the caterpillar prefers a crack or crevise on 

 such seclusion as can be found in an old knot hole or decayed place 

 running into the heart of a tree or limb. Cocoons may often be 

 found under bits of bark. On smooth well kept trees the larvae 

 often find no suitable place for pupation on the limbs, and in search- 

 ing for a place find their way to the trunk. Hence the utilitv of 

 bands as a means of luring scattering caterpillars to their destruc- 

 tion in cases where a very vigorous warfare is waged. Plate III 

 shows a photograph of a trunk of a tree taken to show a bad cavity 

 near the crotch which ait'ords abundant opportunity for many larvae 

 tO' hide out 01 reach of their bird enemies. Bands are also shown 

 as properly applied to fnrnisli hiding quarters for the larvae before 



