Equisetuin arvense (field horsetail) 



Habenaria dilatata (white bog-orchid) 



Helianthus nuttallii (Nuttall ' s sunflower) 



Menvanthes trifoliata (buckbean) 



Mimulus quttatus (common monkey-flower) 



Picea enqelmannii (Engelman spruce) 



Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) 



Rhamnus alnifolia (alder buckthorn) 



Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum . (water cress) 



Salix sp (willow) 



Salix Candida (hoary willow) 



Scirpus sp (bulrush) 



Senecio trianqularis (arrowleaf groundsel) 



Thalictrum sp (meadowrue) 



T ypha latifolia (common cattail) 



Ziqadenus eleqans (glaucous zigadenus) 



2. TOPOGRAPHY: In Montana, populations of E. qiqantea 

 are most often associated with warm springs, on level 

 to gently sloping ground. One site was found on a 

 steep slope; however, the plants at this site 

 occurred in level zones on the slope. All slope 

 aspects were represented. However, populations were 

 often at least shaded for some parts of the day. 



The sites in Montana range from 945 m. (3,100 ft.) to 

 1250 m. (4,100 ft.) in elevation. 



3. SOIL RELATIONSHIPS: Epipactis qiqantea is associated 

 with spring seeps, and often occurs in the vicinity 

 of warm springs as Luer (1975) suggests. Canada's 

 largest known population is found along the margins 

 of a hot spring, as were some recently extirpated 

 populations in that country. The soils at these 

 Canadian sites are calcareous, and are often composed 

 of porous, exposed tufa or limestone bedrock 

 (Brunton, 1986) . Although not specifically tested, 

 the soils underlying many of the Montana populations 

 may also be somewhat calcareous, as was evidenced by 

 whitish precipitates coating rocks in the running 

 water. The Nimrod Warm Springs (001) site appears to 

 be on travertine deposits. 



4. REGIONAL CLIMATE: Epipactis qiqantea is widely 

 distributed across Montana, occurring in sagebrush 

 grasslands in Carbon County and in spruce-fir forests 

 in Lake County; thus, the sites have widely differing 

 climatic conditions. The ability to tolerate a wide 

 variety of conditions is further suggested by the 

 wide range of the species, which extends from Canada 

 to south-central Mexico (Luer, 1975) . In the 

 northern parts of its range, this plant appears to 



