THE EQUINE HOSPITAL FORMULARY. 10 1 



applied with a glass rod in lines about | inch apart, and 

 only twice. Concentrated sulphuric acid has been applied 

 with a brush to the entire surface of the sac twice, 

 beginning at the outermost part, and not putting much on 

 the lowest portion. 



This treatment is only applicable to small hernise in 

 young animals, about as large as a hen's egg, and where 

 only two fingers can be placed in the hernial opening. 



(3) Radical Treatment, — See Muller's or Fleming's ' Veter- 

 inary Surgery.' 



Urinary Calculi. 



Retention and decomposition of the urine are liable to 

 cause an alkaline condition and deposit, which may occur 

 in the pelvis of the kidney, pass into the bladder, and 

 perhaps become fixed in the urethra. There are generally 

 several calculi, which may be small (gravel). 



In herbivorous animals they generally contain triple 

 phosphate and carbonate of calcium ; in sheep some consist 

 of silicic acid with phosphates of calcium and magnesium. 



In carnivora these are : 



(1) Uric acid calculi (phosphate and carbonate of calcium, 

 and urate of ammonium). 



(2) Oxalic acid calculi (oxalate of ammonium), are 

 yellow, and resemble a mulberry. 



(3) Cystic calculi are yellow, soft, and when dried, friable, 

 and feel greasy. 



See works on Veterinary Surgery. 



Urine. 



Benzoic acid, after being ingested, is transformed into, 

 and excreted as, hippuric acid. The pigments of the urine 

 are derived from the bile-acids. The vegetable salts of the 



11 



