THE CELTIC SYSTEM 205 



which midland terriers more or less frequently contain. Hence it 

 will never be possible to say regarding an English county, " Here 

 is clearly the field system of Scotland or Wales or Ireland." We 

 shall rather have to conclude: " Its fields lack the positive 

 attributes of EngUsh midland fields, just as the fields of Celtic 

 lands do. In their negative characteristics they are Celtic." 

 In so far as this conclusion is convincing, Celtic influence in 

 England will have been estabhshed. This prefaced, we may 

 begin our examination of the field systems of such counties of 

 northern and western England as did not fall within the bound- 

 aries of the two- and three-field system. Since Scotland intro- 

 duced us to the Celtic system, the counties of the Scottish 

 border may occupy us first. 



