230 ENGLISH FIELD SYSTEMS 



merely to the area assigned to a Cumberland manor. In the 

 midlands, manor and township tended to coincide, the latter 

 being relatively large and comprising a single settlement also 

 relatively large. A different situation has come to light in 

 Herefordshire. There a manor comprised several townships, 

 each containing a small settlement, more properly a hamlet than 

 a village. Cumberland units were like those of Herefordshire: 

 the manor was composite, the townships were small, the settle- 

 ments were hamlets. 



No survey shows these features better than one of Holme 

 Cultram, made in 2 James I.^ At that time this old monastic 

 manor was di\ided into four quarters, called Abbey, St. Cuth- 

 bert's, Loweholme, and Eastwaver. The tenants of each of the 

 four are mentioned in alphabetical order, and their holdings are 

 located, with statement of areas. The names used in locating 

 holdings turn out upon examination to be those, not of fields, 

 but of several contiguous hamlets which lie to the west of the 

 village of Holme Cultram. A summary for the Abbey quarter 

 is as follows : — 



Name of Hamlet Number of Tenants Total Area in Acres 



Swinestie 10 116 



Sowter field 15 184 



Aldeth 9 96^ 



High Loese .- . . . 13 1 29 J 



Abbie Cowper 13 203 



Sanden House 13 1685 



Browne Riggs 6 220 



The quarter, which itself was only the fourth part of the manor, thus 

 broke in turn into seven townships, the largest comprising only 

 220 acres. Since the holdings are described as '' arable, meadow, 

 and pasture," a part of each township must be set aside as non- 

 arable. We thus have an agrarian situation in which the units 

 of settlement comprised not more than fifteen tenants and the 

 arable area contained usually less than 150 acres. 



Not dissimilar were the hamlets and fields of the manor of 

 Hay ton. A map and schedule of 17 10 describe the " infields " 

 as comprising 1478 acres, the common or waste 3178 acres. 



^ Land Rev., M. B. 212, ff. 307-389. 



