CELTIC SYSTEM IN ENGLAND 259 



was carelessly omitted.^ One feels on safer ground in surveys 

 like that of Sherford, in which all parcels are carefully labelled 

 orchards, closes, or " parkes." ^ The application of the term 

 '' park " to a close of arable is characteristic of Devonshire, and 

 its constant employment in the survey of Vielstone and Kingdon 

 indicates the enclosed character of these townships.^ Porlock, 

 too, a Somersetshire township on the edge of Exmoor, resembled 

 its Devonshire neighbors in being entirely enclosed.^ 



Despite the testimony of most sixteenth-century documents 

 to the enclosure of Devonshire fields, there is an occasional hint 

 that unenclosed arable might still be found. Of the manors 

 of the marchioness of Dorset, which were surveyed in 15 Henry 

 VIII, most lay in Somerset, but some were in Cornwall and 

 Devon. ^ Although none of the surveys of the Devon manors 

 are very expKcit about the condition of the arable, it appears 

 from the description of Brixham that many of the tenants held 

 each one " furlong," " comprising twenty acres of pasture and 

 ten of arable, and that appurtenant to each furlong was 

 " communia in communibus campis " for sixty sheep, two cows, 

 and one horse.^ The " communes campi " here pretty clearly 

 bespeak open arable field, for the phrase was almost never appHed 

 to the common waste, and where it occurs elsewhere in this 

 group of surveys it refers to certain townships in Somerset which 

 lay in open-field neighborhoods. Inasmuch as no similar remark 

 about common fields is vouchsafed regarding the other five 

 Devon and Cornish townships, these by impHcation were en- 

 closed. Each of them contained more pasture than arable, but 



1 To be sure, some six parcels were in Rushmore, but they were too large (7, 4, 

 5, 2, 5, and 3 acres respectively) to suggest open-field strips. The first three were 

 arable, another was a close of pasture, while two are not described. 



2 Add. MS. 21605, ff. 36-43 (1606). The same volume contains (ff. 18-24) 

 another survey of Sherford written in a hand earlier by a generation; but this one 

 neglects to say whether its " farthings " were open or enclosed. 



' Exch. Aug. Of., M. B. 358, ff. 64-74, 6 Jas. I. The designations, for example, 

 are North park, Lea park, Temsty park, Wall park. 



* Exch. Aug. Of., M. B. 385, ff. 97-106, 17 Hen. VIII. 



^ Ibid., ff. 112-208. Most important were Brixham, Woodford, and Shewte in 

 Devon, and Trewerdreth, Trelawne, and Wadfast in Cornwall. 



* I. e. " ferling," for the meaning of which cf. below, pp. 264-266. 

 ^ Exch. Aug. Of., M. B. 385, f. 200 sq. 



