QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 175 



32. What is meant by *' monohydric " and "polyhydric" alcohols. 



Give examples. Mention some inorganic hydroxides that 

 resemble monohydric, dibydric, and trihydric alcohols in their 

 composition. 



33. In what respect is cellulose an alcohol ? 



34. What is the composition of glycerine ? Show by an equation how it 



is converted into "nitroglycerine." 



35. Fully describe the process of malting barley and the subsequent 



production of beer. 

 •^36. Identify the alcohol by its boiling point. (Methyl, ethyl, propyl, or 



amyl alcohol. ) 

 *'37. Ascertain whether the alcohol is *' rectified spirit " or absolute alcohol 



by the hydrometer. Reduce to proof spirit by adding the required 



volume of water. 

 *38. Prepare a pure specimen of ethyl nitrite. 



The Organic Acids. 



39. To what is the souring of beer due ? Describe the method for the 



production of acetic acid. 



40. What is pyroligneous acid, and how is it obtained ? 



41. What is an ''aldehyde," and what relation do aldehydes bear to 



alcohols and organic acids ? 



42. By what means can alcohols other than ethyl alcohol be converted 



into the corresponding acids ? Give equations illustrating the 

 oxidation of methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl alcohols into the 

 corresponding formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. 



43. Give examples of monobasic, dibasic, and tribasic acids, both organic 



and inorganic. Point out the relation between the basicity of the 

 acids and the number of hydroxyl groups in the corresponding 

 alcohols. 



44. Assign formulae to cream of tartar (acid potassium tartrate), salts of 



sorrel (acid potassium oxalate), sugar oflead (acetate of lead), and 

 verdigris (hydroxy-acetate of copper, i.e. a compound intermediate 

 between the hydroxide and the acetate). 



45. Give some of the natural sources of formic, acetic, lactic, butyric, 



myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, benzoic, salicylic, oxalic, tartaric, 

 and citric acids. 

 *46. Identify the crystalline acid by a volumetric determination of the 

 quantity of a standard solution of alkali necessary to neutralise it. 

 (Oxalic, tartaric, or citric acid.) 



