318 coSiMos. 



Laprey in the important letter of the Dutch embassador Bo- 

 reel to the physician Borelli, the author of the treatise De vero 



1831, vol. i., p. 319 ; and by Wilde, of Berlin, in his Gesck. der Optik, 

 1838, th. i., s. 138-172. The work referred to, and written in the 

 Dutch language, is entitled " Geschiedkundig Onderzoek naar de eerste 

 Uitjinders der Vernkykers, uit de Aunekenningen van wyle den HoogL 

 van Swinden zamengesteld door, G. Moll," Amsterdam, 1831. Albers 

 has given an extract from this interesting treatise in Schumacher's Jahr- 

 buck fur 1843, s. 56-65. The optical instruments with which Jan- 

 eeu furnished Prince Maurice of Nassau, and the Archduke Albert (the 

 latter gave his to Cornelius Drebbel), were (as is shown by the letter 

 of the embassador Boreel, who, when a child, had been often in the 

 house of Jansen, the spectacle maker, and who subsequently saw the in- 

 struments in the shop) microscopes eighteen inches in length, " through 

 which small objects were wonderfully magnified when one looked 

 down at them from above." The confusion between the microscope 

 and the telescope has rendered the history of the invention of both in- 

 struments obscure. The letter of Boreel (Paris, 1655), above alluded 

 to, notwithstanding the authority of Tiraboschi, renders it improbable 

 that the first invention of the compound microscope belonged to Gali- 

 leo. Compare, on this obscure history of optical instruments, Vicenzio 

 Antinori, in the Saggi di Naturali Esperienze fatte nelV Accademia del 

 Cimento, 1841, p. 22-26. Even Huygens, who was born scarcely twen- 

 ty-five years after the conjectural date of the invention of the telescope, 

 does not venture to decide with certainty on the name of the first in 

 ventor {Opera Reliqua, 1728, vol. ii., p. 125). According to the re- 

 searches made in public archives by Van Swiden and Mole, Lippershey 

 was not only in possession of a telescope made by himself as early as 

 the 2d of October, 1608, but the French embassador at the Hague, Pres- 

 ident Jeannin, wrote, on the 28th of December of the same year, to 

 Sully, " that he was in treaty with the Middleburg spectacle maker for 

 a telescope, which he wished to send to the king, Henry IV." Simon 

 Marius (Mayor of Genzenhausen, one of the discoverers of Jupiter's 

 satellites) even relates that a telescope was offered for sale in the au- 

 tumn of 1608, at Frankfort-on-Maine, by a Belgian, to his friend Fuchs 

 of Bimbach, Privy Counselor of the Margrave of Ansbach. Telescopes 

 were made in London in Februaiy, 1610, therefore a year after Galileo 

 had completed his own. (Rigaud, On Hariot^s Papers, 1833, p. 23, 26, 

 and 46.) They were at first called cylinders. Porta, the inventor of 

 the camera obscura, like Francastero, the cotemporary of Columbus, 

 Copernicus and Cardanus, at earlier periods, had merely spoken of the 

 possibility " of seeing all things larger and nearer" by means of convex 

 and concave glasses being placed on each other (duo specilla ocularis 

 alterum alteri superposita) ; but we can not ascribe the invention of 

 the telescope to them (Tiraboschi, Storia della Letter., ital., t. xi., p 

 467 ; Wilde, Gesch. der Optik, th. i., s. 121). Spectacles had been 

 known in Haarlem since the beginning of the fourteenth century; and 

 an epitaph in the church of Maria Maggiore, at Florence, names Salvi- 

 no degli Armati, who died in 1317, as the inventor (inventore degli oc- 

 chiali). Some apparently authentic notices of the use of spectacles by 

 aged persons are to be met with as early as 1299 and 1305. The pas- 

 sages of Roger Bacon refer to the magnifying power of spherical seg- 

 ments of glass. See Wilde, Gesch. der Optik, th. i., s. 93-96 ; and ante, 

 p. 245. 



