364 



COSMOS. 



Arabic, 224 ; of the Middle Ages, 245, 

 246, 255, 283 ; modern, 303-352. 



Mayow on the influence of nitrous parti- 

 cles in the air, 345. 



Mediterranean, its geographical position 

 t'lnd configuration, IIU ; its triple con- 

 struction, 120, 121. 



Megasthenes, 155, 156 ; his descriptive ac- 

 curacy, 156 ; embassies, 169. 



Meleager of Gadara, his Idyl " on Spring," 

 27. 



Menander the Rhetorician, his severe crit- 

 icism on the poems of Empedocles, 30. 



Mes.sina. Antonio di, transplanted the pred- 

 ilection for landscape painting to Ven- 

 ice, 87. 



Microscope, its discovery and scientific 

 results, 10(1, 318, 



Migration, direction of its early impulses, 

 186, 187, 202. 



Miletus, 149. 



Milton, character of the descriptions of 

 nature in his " Paradise Lost," 74. 



Minnesingers, love of nature as expressed 

 in their poetry, 44-46. 



Minucius, Felix, early Christian writer 

 on nature, 39. 



Missals, landscape illustrations in, 86. 



Mohammed, 206, 208. 



Mohammed Ben-Musa, his compendium 

 of Algebra. 224. 



Mongolians, battle at Liegnitz, 202, 249 ; 

 Buddhism, 202. 



Monsoon, Indian, causes of, 123. 



Monsoons, known to the companions of 

 Alexander, 172. 



Mosaics, Byzantine, 86. * 



Miiller, Johannes. See Regiomontanus. 



Miiller, Otfried, on the characteristics of 

 the landscape paintings of the ancients, 

 85 ; on the myth of the destruction of 

 Lyktonia, 121; on national myths blend- 

 ed with history and geography, 121 ; 

 date of the Doric immigration into the 

 Peloponnesus, 124. 



Museum of Alexandria, 175, 176. 



Naddod, his discovery of Iceland, 230, 231. 



Nature, incitements to the study of, 19 ; 

 inducements, three different kinds, 19, 

 20 ; i. Poetical descriptions of nature, 

 21-82 ; ii. Landscape painting, 82-98, 

 100 ; iii. Cultivation of tropical plants, 

 99-105 ; powerful effect in after years 

 of striking impressions in childhood, 

 20; an increased impulse lent to the 

 study of nature by the discovery of 

 America, 65; modern descriptive and 

 landscape poetry, 80, 81. 



Nautical astronomy, 255-262, 291-301. 



Nearchus, 156, 172. 



Neku, commenced the canal of the Red 

 Sea, 173. 



Neophytes, numeral characters of, 226. 



Nestorians, their intercourse with the 

 Arabs and Persians, and its results, 208, 

 209. 



Newton, Sir Isaac, his invention of the 

 mirror sextant, 292 ; discovery of the 

 Hw of gravitation, 313, 316, 331, 3.50, 



351 ; experiments on the velocity ol 

 light, 333 ; early electrical experiment 

 313. 



Niebelungen, absence of any description 

 of natural scenery in, 45. 



Nominalists, school of, in the Middle 

 Ages, 243. 



Nonnus, his Dionysiaca, 27. 



Norman, Robert, his invention of the dip- 

 ping needle, 281, 335. 



North, nations of, their love of nature, 44. 



Northmen, dates of their discovery and 

 colonization of America, Greenland, 

 and Iceland, 230-232. 



Numerals, Indian, 169 ; spread of, 225- 

 227 ; early methods of expressing the 

 multiplier of the fundamental groups, 

 225-226; " Suanpan," "Method of Eu- 

 tocius," "Gobar," Arabian "dust-writ 

 ing," characters of Neophytos, 225-227. 



Oceanic discoveries, 228-301. 



Omar, Calif, his religious toleration, 20U, 

 204. 



Onesicritus on the Indian fig-tree, 159; 

 on the Indian races, 164. 



Ophir, conjecture on its locality /36-138, 

 its exports, 137. 



Oppianus of Cilicia, poem on fishes, 194. 



Optical instruments, dates of their discov- 

 ery, 317-319; optical experiments of 

 Claudius Ptolema3Us, 183, 193, 194. 



Osiander, Andreas, his preface to the 

 writings of Copernicus, 306. 



Ossian and the Celto-Irish poems, 48. 



Ovid, his vivid pictures of nature, 3.3, 34. 



Oxygen and its properties, first notices 

 of, 346. 



Pacific, discovery and navigation of, 266- 

 273 ; its results on the extension of cos- 

 mical knowledge, 267. 



Painting, Landscape, its influence on the 

 study of nature, 82-98 ; early paintings 

 of the Greeks, 83, 84 ; of the Romans, 

 85, 86 ; of the Indians, 84, 85 ; paintings 

 found at Herculaneum, Pompeii, Sta- 

 bice, 85 ; missals and mosaics of Byzan- 

 tine art, 86 ; Flemish school of the Van 

 Eycks, 87 ; Venetian and Bolognese 

 schools, 87, 88 ; Claude and the Land- 

 scape painters, 89, 90 ; early paintings 

 of tropical scenery, 90-92 ; advantages 

 oftered to the artist by the landscapes 

 and vegetation of the tropics, 93-95 ; 

 panoramas, dioramas, and neoramas, 

 their scenic effect, 97, 98. 



Palajontological science, dawn of, 347- 

 349. 



Panoramas, more productive of effect 

 than scenic decoration.s, 98 ; sugges- 

 tions for their increase, 98. 



Pantschab, Chinese expedition under, to 

 the shores of the Caspian, 186. 



Parks of the Persian kings, 101, 102. 



Pastoral romances, their defects, 68. 



Pendulum, earliest use as a time measur- 

 er, 219; moderr^, 3-50. 



Persia, extension of its rule, 142. 



Persians, their poetry in relation to n<^- 



