180 COSMOS. 



ously directed to the same important end, present in their 

 laudable competition so much the more interest, as they testi- 

 fy, by the selection of means, to the present distinguished con- 

 dition of higher mathematical knowledge. 



The Satellites op Neptune. 



"While in exterior planets the existence of a ring presents 

 itself only in one solitary instance, and its rarity permits of 

 the conjecture that the organ and formation of an unconnect- 

 ed girdle depends upon the conjunction of peculiar and diffi- 

 cultly fulfilled conditions, so, on the contrary, the existence of 

 satellites accompanying the exterior planets (Jupiter, Saturn, 

 Uranus) is a phenomenon as universal as the former is rare. 

 Lassell discovered with certainty* the first satellite of Nep- 

 tune so soon as the commencement of August, 1847, in his 

 large twenty-feet reflector, with a 24-inch aperture. Las- 

 sell's discovery was confirmed by Otto Struvef at Pulkowa 



I once told you that I have worked much upon this subject, but have 

 come to no other result than the certainty that the present theory, or, 

 much rather, its application to the solar system, as we are acquainted 

 with it, was insufficient to solve the mystery. Nevertheless, it must not, 

 on that account, be considered upon my opinion to be unsolvable. We 

 must first know accurately and completely what has been observed of 

 Uranus. By the aid of one of my young hearers, Flemming, I have 

 had all the observations reduced and compared, and thus the existing 

 facts now lie before me complete. While the old observations do not 

 agree with the theory, the more recent ones agree still less ; for now 

 the error is a whole minute, and increases annually about 7" to 8", so 

 that it will soon be much greater. I was therefore of opinion that the 

 time might come when the solution of this mystery might perhaps be 

 found in the discovery of a new planet whose elements might be ascer- 

 tained by its influences upon Uranus, and confirmed by those exerted 

 upon Saturn. That this time has already arrived I am far from Baying, 

 but I shall examine now how far the existing facts can carry us. This 

 is an investigation which I have pursued for so many years, and on ac- 

 count of which I have followed so many views, that its results espe- 

 cially interest me, and shall therefore be brought to an end as soon as 

 possible. I have great confidence in Flemming, who will, in Dantzic, 

 to which place he has been called, continue the same reduction of ob- 

 servations for Saturn and Jupiter which he has now made for Uranus. 

 It is, in my opinion, fortunate that he has (for the present) no means 

 of observation, and has no lectures to deliver. A time will indeed come 

 when he must institute observations with a definite aim; then he should 

 no longer want the means of carrying them out any more than he does 

 the ability to do so." 



* The first letter in which Lassell announced the discovery was on 

 the 6th of August, 1847. (Schumacher, Astr. Nachr., No. 611, p. 165.) 



t Otto Struve, in the Astr. Nachr., No. 629. August Struve, in Dor- 

 pat, calculated the orbit of the first satellite of Neptune from the observ- 

 ations at Pulkowa. 



