TRUE VOLCANOES. 341 



The Ilodutka Sopka (51° 35'). Between this and the one 

 just noticed there lies an unnamed volcanic cone (51° 32'), 

 which, however, according to Postels, seems, like the Ilodut- 

 ka, to be extinct. 



Poworotnaja Sopka (52° 22') ; according to Captain Bee- 

 ch ey, 7930 feet high (Erman's lieise, t. iii., p. 253 ; Leop. von 

 Buch, lies Can., p. 447). 



Assatschinskaja Sopka (52° 2 7 ) ; great discharges of ashes, 

 particularly in the year 1828. 



The Wiljutschinsker volcano (52° 52') ; according to Cap- 

 tain Beechey, 7373 feet ; according to Admiral Liitke, G744 

 feet high. Distant only 20 geographical miles from the har- 

 bor of Petropolowski, on the north side of the Bay of Torinsk. 



Awatschinskaja, or Gorelaja Sopka (53° 17') ; according 

 to Erman, 8910 feet high ; first ascended during the expedi- 

 tion of La Perouse, in 1787, by Mongez and Bernizet ; after- 

 ward by my dear friend and Siberian fellow- traveler, Ernst 

 Hofmann (in July, 1824, during the circumnavigation of the 

 globe by Kotzebue ; by Postels and Lenz during the expedi- 

 tion of Admiral Liitke in 1828, and by Erman in September, 

 1829. The latter made the important geognostic observation 

 that the upheaving trachyte had pierced through slate and 

 graywacke (a silurian rock). The still smoking volcano had 

 a terrific eruption in October, 1837, there having previously 

 been a slight one in April, 1828 (Postels, in Liitke, Voyage, t., 

 bd., s. 67-84 ; Erman, lieise, Hist. Bericht, bd. iii., s. 494, and 

 534-540). 



In the immediate neighborhood of the Awatscha-volcano 

 (see page 236) lies the Koriatskaja or Strjeloschnaja Sopka 

 (lat. 53° 19'), 11,210 feet high, according to Liitke, t. iii., p. 

 84. This mountain is rich in obsidian, which the Kamtschat- 

 kans so late as the last century made into arrow-heads, as the 

 Mexicans and the ancient Greeks used to do. 



Jupanowa Sopka, lat., according to Erman's calculation 

 (lieise, bd. iii., s. 469), 53° 32'. The summit is pretty flat, 

 and the traveler just mentioned expressly states " that this 

 Sopka, on account of the smoke it emits, and its perceptible 

 subterranean rumbling, is always compared to the mighty 

 Schiwelutsch, and reckoned among the undoubted igneous 

 mountains." Its height, as measured by Liitke from the sea, 

 is 9055 feet. 



Kronotskaja Sopka, 10,609 feet, at the lake of the same 

 name, lat. 54° 8 / ; a smoking crater on the summit of the very 

 sharp-pointed conical mountain (Liitke, Voyage, t. iii., p. 85). 



