TRUE VOLCANOES. 357 



on Java; the Gunung Pasaman, called also Ophir (9602 

 feet), with a nearly extinguished crater, ascended by Dr. L. 

 Horner ; the sulphureous Gunung Salasi, with eruptions of 

 ashes in 1833 and 1845 ; the Gunung Merapi (0751), also 

 ascended by Dr. L. Horner, accompanied by Dr. Korthal, in 

 the year 1834, the most active of all the volcanoes of Suma- 

 tra, and not to be confounded with the two similarly-named 

 mountains of Java ;* the Gunung Ipu, a smoking truncated 

 cone ; and the Gunung Dempo, in the inland country of Ben- 

 kula, reckoned at 9940 feet high. 



Four islets forming trachitic cones, of which the Pic Re- 

 cata and Panahitam (Prince's Island) are the highest, rise 

 above the sea in the Strait of Sunda, and connect the vol- 

 canic range of Sumatra with the crowded field of Java ; and 

 in like manner, the eastern extremity of Java, with its vol- 

 cano of Idjen, forms, through the medium of the active vol- 

 canoes of Gunung Batur and Gunung Agung, on the neigh- 

 boring island of Bali, a connection with the long chain of 

 the smaller Sunda Islands. Here, again, the range is con- 

 tinued eastward from Bali, by the smoking volcano of Rind- 

 jani, on the island of Lombok, 12,363 feet high, according 

 to the trigonometrical measurement of M. Melville de Cam- 

 be'e ; by the Temboro (5862 feet), on the Sumbava, or Sam- 

 bava, whose eruption of ashes and pumice in April, 1815, 

 obscured the surrounding atmosphere, and was one of the 

 greatest which history has recorded ;t and by six conical 

 mountains still partially smoking, on Flores 



The large and many-armed island of Celebes contains six 

 volcanoes, which are not yet all extinct ; they lie all together, 

 on the narrow northeastern peninsula of Menado. Beside it 

 spout out streams of hot melted sulphur, into the orifice of 

 one of which, near the road from Sonder to Lamovang, a 

 great traveler and intrepid observer, Count Carlo Vidua, my 

 Piedmontese friend, sank and met his death from the burns 

 he received. As the small island of Banda, in the Moluccas, 

 consists of the volcano of Gunung Api, which was active 

 from 1586 to 1824, and is about 1812 feet high, in the same 

 way the larger island of Ternate is likewise formed by a sin- 

 gle conical mountain, 5756 feet high, the Gunung Gama 

 Lama, whose violent eruptions from 1838 to 1849, after 

 more than a century and a half of entire quiescence, are de- 

 scribed at ten different periods. During the eruption of the 

 3d of February, 1840, according to Junghuhn, a stream of 



* See page 283, note J. t Java, bd. ii., s. 818-828. 



