422 DICTIONARY OF POPULAR NAMES TURNIP 



dye Turmeric, which is used in cookery for colouring curries, 

 confections, etc. It is greatly used by the natives of the 

 Pacific Islands for painting their bodies, which they often do, in 

 various colours, imitating the dress of Europeans. Other species 

 of Curcuma yield a kind of Turmeric similar to the above. 



Turnip {Brassica Eapa, considered by some botanists a 

 sub-species of B. caw^pestris), a biennial of the Cabbage family 

 (Cruciferse), native of this country and other parts of Europe ; 

 there are several varieties, such as the White and Yellow Garden, 

 and the White Eield Turnip. The Swede Turnip, cultivated for 

 feeding cattle, is referred to B. campestris proper. The Turnip, 

 during its growth in summer, is subject to be attacked by the 

 mildew fungus, Feronospora parasitica, or sometimes Oidium 

 halsamiiy allied to the vine, peach, and potato mildews. Whole 

 fields of Turnips become white in a night, with one or other of 

 these, especially the first, which, with the Turnip Fly, cause 

 great havoc to the crops. 



Turnsole {Croton \Clirozopliorci\ tinctoria), an annual of the 

 Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), 6 to 12 inches in height, native 

 of the South of Europe. In France and other parts it is culti- 

 vated for the sake of a dye called Turnsole, which is obtained 

 by bruising the whole plant. 



Turpentine Trees and Turpentine, a resinous generally 

 fragrant liquid exudation that issues either naturally or by in- 

 cisons made in stems or branches of certain trees, the greater 

 number belonging to the Conifera; family. 



Turpentine, American. — The greatest quantity and best 

 quality is the produce of Piims australis, generally called 

 P. palustris, a tree widely diffused over the Southern United 

 States, occupying extensive tracts, and making its appear- 

 ance in all waste places, and quickly occupying worn-out 

 cotton-fields. In Eussia and Finland turpentine is yielded by 

 F. sylvestris, the Scotch Fir; in Corsica and Austria by F. 

 Laricio ; and in South-Western France by F. Finasier. The 

 resinous sap is obtained in the usual way ; by a process of 

 refining, it becomes Common Turpentine. It, however, is much 



