WOAD OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. 441 



means the sweet bread of heaven. It possesses no purgative 

 properties. 



A similar kind of manna is produced on a species of Willow 

 (Salix maniiifera ?) which is common at Van and Armenia. 

 DuriniT the summer season the leaves and branches become 

 covered with a syrupy fluid, which is said to be the production 

 of a small insect (a species of bug), common on these trees. 



It is probable that these mannas are not the exudations of 

 the sap of the trees, but secretions of insects similar to the 

 honey-dew common on lime trees in this country. 



Winterberry, a name in North America for the species of 

 Frinos, a genus of the Holly family (Aquifoliaceie) ; they are 

 bushy evergreen shrubs with oblong, lanceolate, smooth leaves, 

 and small incons]3icuous flowers. F. verticillatus, F. glciber, and 

 F. hwidus have been long cultivated as ornamental shrubs in 

 this country. 



Winter's Bark (Drimys Winteri), a small tree of the ]\Iag- 

 nolia family (Magnoliacea^), native of Terra del Fuego, and extend- 

 ing northwards through Chili. It has beautifully smooth leaves, 

 of an oblong lance form, generally silvery white on the under 

 side. The bark was brought into repute by Captain Winter as an 

 antiscorbutic, so long ago as 1579, he having found it very 

 efficacious in cases of scurvy among his crews. Other remedies, 

 however, having since been discovered, it has fallen into disuse. 



Winter Cherry (Fhyscdis Alkckengi), a perennial herb of 

 the Nightshade family (Solanaceae), native 'of the South of 

 Europe, having fruit like a small cherry, which becomes enclosed 

 in the enlarged leafy permanent calyx ; in some parts the fruit is 

 eaten, but is much surpassed by what is called the Cape Goose- 

 berry {Fhyscdis edidis), a native of tropical America. It is 

 a weak sub-erect plant, cultivated in some gardens for its 

 fine-flavoured luscious fruit. 



Winter Green. (See Shallon.) 



Witches. (See Club :Moss.) 



Woad, also known by the name of Dyer's Weed (Iscdis 

 tinctoria), a biennial of the Cabbage family (Crucifera3), attain- 



