lbs. of phosphoric acid. A ton of g'liano gives 

 283 lbs. of phosphoric acid. So that bones give 

 double tlie phosplioric acid that guano does, but 

 bones give no potash, .soda, sulphuric acid, or 

 chlorine; in yielding lime they are but equal. 

 Rape dust contains no potash, soda, or sulphu- 

 ric acid ; so that if the land docs not contain 

 these, rape dust \vould be an inefficient or only 

 partial manure, so far as the above three ingre- 

 dients are concerned. There are only four ma- 

 nures \vhich will do to be applied alone, viz : 

 jard -manure, guano, night soil, and urine. The 

 follov/ing are only partial manures : — soot, blood, 

 bones, rape dust, and nitrate of soda. A com- 

 parison of night soil* and guano is as follows : — 

 A ton of niglit soil yields 6 lbs. 7 oz. of potash. 

 Do. guano do. 66 lbs. 8 oz. do. 

 Do. night soil do. 4 lbs. 10 oz. soda. 



Do. guano do. 36 lbs. 15 oz. do. 

 Do. night soil do. 120 lbs. phosphoric acid. 

 Do. guano do. 283 lbs. 9 oz. do. 

 The comparative value of farm-yard manure 

 and gruano (leaving out the gaseous ingredients) 

 appears to be this: — Guano is worth thirty times 

 as much per ton as farhi-yard manure, as far as 

 solid fertilizing matters go. Practice confinns 

 thi.s — we have on our farm as good Turnips from 

 less than five cwt. of guano per acre, as from 

 twenty tons of fann-yard manure ; but it may be 

 asked, is it equallj' durable ? I say more so — 

 farm-yard manure it is admitted, yields more 

 gaseous ingredients, but being very volatile, 

 much more flies oil than can possibly do from 

 guano. On the ground we tried wrui 5 cwt. of 

 guano for Turnips, and twenty tons farm-yard 

 manure, the crops of Turnips were equal. The 

 ne.xt crop, which was wheat, the part which 

 was tilled with guano produced the best crop. 

 There is a clear benefit to the farmer: he can 

 raise more Turnips by the aid of guano, which 

 gives him more food for his cattle, and of course 

 makes more manure for him aftenvards. The 

 prices of guano vary — say Peruvian, ilO per ton. 

 Ichaboe, ^7 IO5. ; but I find there is not such a 

 ditterence in their virtues, so that I conclude Ich- 

 aboe is the cheapest. I cannot omit observing 

 that guano is also useful in killing -sNorms when 

 it is applied to Grass land ; they may be seen in 

 immen.se numbers on the surface, but I think 

 guano should be mixed with salt. Mr. Farrer, 

 of O niton, said he applied guano last year, and 

 there was less Grass in June on the part where 

 the guano was put than on tho.se parts where it 

 was not sown ; but when I mowed it iu Au- 

 gust it yielded five tons from four acres, and the 

 fog or after Grass was perhaps the best in the 

 neighborhood ; the quality of the hay vi'as very 

 good. I have tried it for Turnips as follows : — 

 I put 6 cwt. per acre of guano, and 20 tons of 

 mar»ure, a mixture of horse, pig. farm-yard, and 

 night soil. I spread each on the ground, and 

 plowed it up into ridges, sowing^ the Tumips 

 on the top. The manured Turnips took the 

 load, and kept it until about ten days .since ; but 

 now the guano has outgrown them. I also tried 

 guano on four large patches of Grass, in one 

 place particular!}'. The Grass was distinctly 

 better the fir.st and .second year. Mr. Hislop. — 

 I have not used it extensively, especially in its 

 dry or powdered state, but made into a liquid, 

 two ounces to a gallon of water. I have applied 

 the liquid twice in the ye.ar to Carrots and cauli- 

 flowerp. Its efifects in killing the grubs on Car 

 rots was wonderful, although next year it did 



' This nidit soil includes the urine with iL 

 (493) 10 



not seem to do such execution on the vermin. 

 When I tried 4 cwt. per acre with manure, the 

 tops were greener, but no material difference in 

 weight produced ; but where I tried eight cwt. 

 per acre, I had a bushel of Potatoes more in a 

 row of eight chains long. On the crop of Bar- 

 ley the next year I observed a want of fresh- 

 ness where the guano had been sown. Where 

 I sowed it on Grass last year, it did very poorly, 

 but this year it shows clearly its beneficial ef- 

 fects. — The members came to the following res- 

 olution : — " That, in the opinion of this meeting, 

 guano is an important auxiliary to the resources 

 of the farmer in obtaining luxuriant crop.s, and 

 is the cheapest and most important substitute for 

 fann-yard manure, in some instances being found 

 to produce as good crops at half the cost." 



AN ADDRESS 

 To the Agriculturists of Great Britaiv, explaining the 

 Principles and Use of his Artificial Manures. By 

 Professor Justus Liebig. Muspratt & Co., Liver- 

 pool. Manufacturers of the Manure. 

 "Twenty-five jears ago, when the manu- 

 facture of spa and mineral waters began, they 

 met with violent opposition from the members 

 of the faculty, as being deprived of all the good 

 qualities of the natural ones — as wanting, in a 

 certain conditio, sine qua -non — in a spiritus 

 rector, or vital power, which alone gave them 

 any medicinal qualities. Those times have pass- 

 ed now — chemistiy has demonstrated to a cer- 

 tainty what the constituentsof those various wa- 

 ters are, and under what forms and compounds 

 they are united in them. It has succeeded iu 

 combining them exactly in the same propor- 

 tions, and in rendering them not only equal to 

 to the natural ones, but even more effective. 

 Only from that time, plwsicians were induced 

 to connect certain effects on the human body 

 with certain elements in the water.s, and were 

 enabled, by the light of science, to add more of 

 this element, or more of that; nay, to apply, in- 

 stead of the waters themselves, the one active 

 element alone, as is, for instance, the case with 

 iodine in indurations and struma. It is well 

 kno\\'n, that at this moment there are extensive 

 manufactures of mineral -waters in England, at 

 Berlin, at Dresden, at Vienna, <5cc." 



The above is a paragraph v^'ith which Dr. Lie- 

 big commences a chapter on artificial manures 

 in this pamphlet, and the application of the fact 

 thus broached to the subject he discus.se3 is vei-y 

 easy. 



" I believe," he says, at p. 23, " that the same 

 principle may be applied, partially, at least, to 

 the use of manufactured manures, which, iu 

 England, has just been called into existence. 

 Guano, that powerful manure, the efficacy of 

 which, in a judicious application, has been 

 clearly demonstrated by the testimony of the 

 most intelligent farmers, cannot be supplied for 

 a much longer period, because the rich stores in 

 Chili and Africa must be shortly exhausted. As 

 it is only in very dry countries that it is found, 

 we cannot expect to discover many more planes 

 containing it, and what are we then to do? Mv 

 attention has often been directed to the ques- 

 tion, whether, according to our experience, and 

 the present state of science, a manure might not 

 be compo.scd which could replace the genuine 

 guano in its etfect.s, and whether I conld not, by 

 a series of experiments, point out a way of pre- 

 paring one equal to it in all its chemical and 

 physical properties." 



