TREATISE ON MILCH COWS. 



face 01 the thighs, encroaching upon the outer surface to the points A A, (Plate 

 1, Order I,) and then contracting as it extends upward to the points B B, on each 

 side of the vulva, and about four inches* distant from it. They generallj^ have, 

 above the hind teats, two small oval marks, formed by hair growing downward, 

 each of which is about two inches wide by three inches long. These marks are 

 distinguishable also by their color, which is paler than that of the surrounding 

 upward-growing hair. 



In the First Order of this Class, the skin of the inner surface of the thighs and 

 adjacent parts, up to the vulva, is of a yellowish color, with here and there a 

 black spot. A sort of bran or dandruf detaches from it. 



All Cows whose escutcheon corresponds, in its general shape or outline, with 

 the one here described and seen in the plate, modified as it is in the various Or- 

 ders, belong to this Class, whatever may be their color or their breed. 



Second Order. — Cows of this Order yield, while at the hight of their flow, 

 eighteen litres a day ; and they continue to give milk until they are eight months 

 gone with calf 



The marks of this Order are exactly like those of the First Order, (they are 

 designated in the Plate by the same letters,) except that to the right of the vulva 

 and near it there is a streak of hair growing downward (F). This mark is about 

 four-tenths of an inch wide by two and a half inches long; the hair within it is 

 very short. It indicates that the daily yield of the Cow diminishes by about one- 

 sixth, upon her being got with calf. 



Third Order. — Cows of this Order yield, while at the hight of their flow, six- 

 teen litres a day, and continue to give milk until they are seven months gone 

 with calf. 



Their escutcheon resembles in shape that of the preceding Orders. It diff'ers 

 therefrom in having within it a semi-circle (C) of downward-growing hair, em- 

 bracing the vulva and extending about one and a half inches below it, while it is 

 about two and a half inches in width. The hair within this semi-circle is more 

 shining and of a lighter color than the ascending hair around. In this Order there 

 is but one oval (E) above the teats, to the left. 



Fourth Order, — Cows of this Order yield, while at the hight of their flow, 

 fourteen litres, and continue to give milk until six months gone with calf 



The escutcheon diflfers from those above described in being more contracted — 

 the upward-growing hair occupying less surface. The points A A are not so far 

 apart, and consequently nearer to the inside of the thighs. The points B B are 

 nearer to the vulva — distant from it only about four-tenths of an inch. From 

 these points there is a growth of downward-growing hair, which encloses the 

 vulva, forming with it the tAVo triangles seen in the Plate, one side of which is 

 B C. These triangles also are distinguishable by the hair being more lustrous 

 and of a lighter color. 



Fifth Order. — Cows of this Order yield, while at the hight of their flow, 

 twelve litres a day, and continue to give milk until they are five months gone 

 with calf 



The escutcheon of this Order, as compared with that of the preceding, is some- 

 what narrower at the points A A and B B. Below the vulva, there is a streak 

 of descending hair (C) about six inches long by a little over one inch wide. This 



* The French measures, which are given in the fractions of the metre, have been reduced to English 

 inches. The reduction is not, in every instance, absolutely exact ; but it is sufficiently so for practical pur- 

 poeee. 



(904) 



