TABLE 



SHOWING THE YIELD CF THE SEVERAL ORDERS OF EACH CLASS. 



Class. Ord. I. 



1. Flanders Cow. 



High 20 



Medium 16 



Low • 12 



2. Selvage Cow. 



High 18 



Medium 14 



Low 10 



3. CuRVELTNE Cow. 



High 18 



Medium 18 



Low 12 



4. BiCORS Cow. 



High 16 



Medium 14 



Low 11 



5. Demijohn Cow. 



High 16 



Medium 14 



Low 10 



6. SqUARE-ScUTCHEON CoW. 



High 16 



Medium 12 



Low 9 



7. Limousine Cow. 



High 14 



Medium 11 



Low 8 



8. Horizontal Cut Cow. 



High 12 



Medium 9 



Low 5 



LABOR AND MACHINERY 



The effects of improved machinery should he 

 to alleviate and to shorten human toil, and. in 

 multiplying production, to supply more widely 

 the supply oi food, and the common comforts of 

 life. The laboring man should, on every princi- 

 ple, be the first to share in these benefits ; but 

 far too often he is the last. Food is greatly mul- 

 tiplied both in quantity and variety ; but in a 

 country whore labor is superabundant, the 

 f wages of labor becoine proportionately re- 

 duced, and the power to purcha.se restricted. 

 There can be no doubt that, in respect to clothing 

 and furniture, the condition of the laboring 

 population is greatly improved above what it 

 formerly \vas. An American clock, for exam- 

 ple, made in Connecticut — that home of industry 

 and the useful arts — an article both useful and 

 ornamental, and in which the " gude " house- 

 wife is sure to take an honest pride, may be 

 purchased in London for a pound. A century 

 ago this would have been an article of furniture 

 which a nobleman might covet. 



But it is too true that improved machinery 

 scarcely diminishes — in many cases it increases 

 — the demand for human and brute labor. Two 

 men only are required to thresh grain with a 



(1030) 



flail ; from five to eight, besides the horses, or 

 the attendants upon the steam engine, are em- 

 ployed at the threshing-machine. Much more is 

 threshed, and, in consequence of these increased 

 facilities, much more is gi-own, and therefore 

 requires to be threshed. '• But for the invention 

 of the steam-engine, a large proportion of tlie 

 coal mines now profitably worked could not 

 have been opened, or must have been aban- 

 doned. It is well known that, by the consump- 

 tion of one bushel of coals in the furnace of a 

 .steam-boiler, a power is produced v,liirh, in a 

 few minutes, v^'ill raise 20,000 gallons of water 

 from a depth of 3."i0 feet — an effect which could 

 not be proikiced in a shorter time than a whole 

 day through the continuous labor of twenty 

 men, working \\ith the common pump. By 

 thus expending a few pence, an amount of hu- 

 man labor is set free, to employ which would 

 have cost fifty shillings; and yet this circum- 

 stance, so far from having diminished the de- 

 mand for human labor, even in the actual trade 

 where the economy is produced, has certainly 

 caused a much greater number of persons to be 

 employed in coal-mining than could otherwise 

 have been set to work." 



[Colman's European Agriculture. 



