21(3 CALCAREOUS MANURES— APPENDIX. 



the full benefit had been already seen on the first or spring crop of clover) ; 

 100 bushels of the upper and better earth, and 150 of the clay, being ap- 

 plied to the acre. A good rain fell the next night ; and in less than ten 

 days there were visible and manifest beneficial efi"ects from both kinds of 

 earth, but better from the upper — which eflects increased to fully the doub- 

 ling of the growth by the first of August. The hard lumps of the compact 

 clay soon split and crumbled when exposed to the air, and even without 

 rain. The remarkable benefits of these applications induced the resuming 

 of the digging, and another and much deeper pit was dug as early as the 

 other labors of the farm permitted, and a statement will presently be made 

 of the section thereby exposed. But previous to this, it is proper to de- 

 scribe another like operation, and its results, at a more interesting locality. 

 The same general appearance of the gypseous earth, and mostly of the 

 poorer kind of greenish color mottled with pale yellow clay, is exhibited all 

 along the river bank of Coggins Point and the lands above, to the Ever- 

 green farm— interrupted only by the parts of marshy or more ancient allu- 

 vial lands ; or where the stratum has been broken and concealed by the 

 ancient land-slips which have greatly altered the original levels and form of 

 the surface of that whole stretch of land bordering on the river and overlying 

 the green earth formation. This operation by the land slipping and sinking 

 continues, and some new effects are seen every year. At many places 

 filong this stretch gypsum is perceptible in the green earth, either in crys- 

 tals or in powder, and sometimes, and rarely, in considerable proportion, 

 say from 5 to 15 per cent, of the whole mass. At the upper part of the 

 river line of the Evergreen farm, (at the mouth of Bayley's creek, and two 

 miles below City Point,) the river bank has peculiar and remarkable fea- 

 tures, which deserve particular notice. It was here in 1817 that I first dis- 

 covered this green earth formation, and thence traced it to my own farm 

 and then residence, Coggins Point, and elsewhere in that neighborhood. 



'1 he lower visible part of the body of green-sand earth at Evergreen is 

 laid bare by the wasting inroads of the river, (by which it is rapidly wash- 

 ing away,) for 200 yards in length. The southern or upper extremity, for 

 some 20 yards, approaches nearly in appearance to the general character 

 pf the upper stratum before described. But all the remainder is different, 

 and much richer in the dark or green granules than generally elsewhere. 



Since this article was commenced, Capt. H. H. Cocke, the present pro- 

 prietor of Evergreen, at my suggestion and request, had a shaft dug for 

 examination, which, with an extension of my own after he had ceased 

 his operations, added to the natural and higher exposure of the section, 27 

 feet below the beach, and 25 below common high tide. The several strata 

 of the whole section, and their variations, will be described in their descend- 

 ing order. 



At top — 

 1st. Surface soil (sloping back irregularly to the table land, which is much 

 higher,) on (2d) gravelly and sandy sub-soil, pervious to water, of various 

 depths— lying on strata nearly all horizontal. Next, 

 10 feet of yellow sandy miocene marl. 



8 feet of yellowish clay, (supposed eocene,) intermixed throughout with 

 very small crystals and powder of sulphate of lime— the clay not com- 

 pact or solid, but open and loose throughout. (Q,uery: Is not this the 

 equivalent of the eocene marl at Coggins Point, with its former shells 

 and carbonate of lime completely changed to sulphate of lime, and the re- 

 mainder dissolved and lost ?) 

 5 feet of gypseous earth — the general color, green mottled and streaked 

 with yellow ochre, and full throughout of very minute crystals of sulphate 



