182'^-]. 



NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



30*J 



3. There is 710 smoke, and of course, the tubes 

 and chimneys do not become foul ; they need 

 neither sweeping nor burning; and provided 

 no other fuel is used, they cannot be made lo 

 burn, as there is nothing de|iosiled but a little 

 earthy or metallic ashes, entirely incombustible. 



4. The heat produced, is the most intense that 

 can in any way be used far economical purposes. 



5. The heat is also the most enduring and equa- 

 bk. 



6. It is capable of being adapted to the. mildest 

 as well as the severest weather. This remark is 

 especially true of the entry or hall stove, in 

 which three or four inches of coal in depth can 

 be kept in active combustion, and by opening 

 and shutting doors, the heat, at pleasure, more 

 or less diffused or diluted with colder air. 



7. The fire will, without attention, burn the 

 whole nfg/i/, thus maintaining the rooms at a tem- 

 perature comfortable for thosfi who may be o- 

 bliged to rise at unseasonable hours, and conve- 

 Bienl fnr early breakfast. 



8. The heat is maintained with less trouble than 

 in any other way. Less frequent replenishing 

 and less watching are necessary, and there is 

 }ess annoy .ince from dirt and efBuvia than in the 

 case of any other fuel. 



In the case of the entry stoves, the whole 

 bustle and inconvenience of the fire are remov- 

 ed from the apartments, which may thus be 

 kept as neatly as in summer, as there is no seri- 

 ous annoyance lo the most delicate draperv, 

 clothes, or furniture. 



9. The halls and passages of the house may thus 

 be kept permanently zwarm. The cold of these 

 spaces is uni)!easant to the healthy, and very 

 injurious to the infirm, whose comfort Vind safe- 

 ty are therefore in this manner essentially cfln- 

 sulled. 



10. As this fuel ■■wilLnot burn ■zeithout a atr&ng 

 draught, there is no annoyance from foul c;ases 

 which are necessarily carried up the chimney. 

 It is not true, however, as some imagine, that 

 the gases are less injurious than those from 

 burning ch.ircoal. They are equally noxious, 

 and the very same deadly gas T?hich is produc- 

 ed by burning charcoal, (carbonic acid gas,) is 

 generated in equal abundance by the anthracite. 



il. These antkrccites arc among the purest of 



This disease is proved, by French and Eng- I most nutritive. Hence the peculiar valued* 

 lish philosophers, to proceed from microscopic the agroslis fnniiiy,' jjarlicularly fiorin, for winter 

 grains, or atoms of black dust, zn'/itc/i g-ermi/ta/e, I pasture. And hence by feeding close in aii- 



reproduce themselves, and take possession of the ear. 

 In the Bibliotheque Physico Economique, partic- 

 ular directions are given for steeping the seed, 

 which I am satisfied possess advantages over the 

 method generally pursued. These directions 

 enjoin, that in ordei to destroy the gum of smut 

 in the seed intended 10 be sown, 6 or 7 gallons 

 of water must be employed for 4i bushels of 

 seed, and from S lb. 6 10 2 lb. 10 oz. of quick- 

 lime, according as its quality is more or less 

 caustic, or to the greater or less degree of smut 



tumn we deprive the roots of grasses ol' a por- 

 tion of their natural food, and they do not rise 

 so vigorously in spring as when not fed. Al- 

 though the stalk he annual, the influence of 

 moisture and heat soften it in spring, and carry 

 the nutriment to the crov^n ; or, decomposing, 

 upon the surface, it is carried to the roots 

 through the soil. 



The Air 

 Is the receptacle, as well as the source, of all 

 n the grain. Boil a part of the water, and slake 1 sublunary forms, the great mass or chaos which 

 the lime with it, alter which add the remainder , im|)arts or receives them. The almospheia 

 of the water. The heat of the whole of the ; which surroimds our earth contains a mixture 

 liquid ought to be such as we can with difhculty of all the active v(?latile parts of all vegetables, 

 bear the hand in it. Then gently pour the | minerals and animals. Whatever perspires, 

 lime water upon the grain, placed in a tub, stir- 1 corrupts or exhales, impregnates the air ; which, 

 ring it without ceasing, at first with a flat stick, being acted upon by the solar fire, produces 

 land afterwards with a shovel. The liquor within itself all sons of chemical ofierations, — 

 i should at first be three or four fingers' breadth dispensing again those salts and spirits, in new 

 ! over the level of the wheat. Leave the grain generations, which it had received from pu- 

 trefactions. The air, therefore, is an active 

 mass, composed of numberless diflerent princi- 



all varieties of fuel 



£ClE^"TlFiC MEMORANDA— APPLICABLE 

 TO RURAL ECONOMY. 



Smut. 



la lately travelling through a part of New 

 ^ork, I learnt, lo my astonishment, that in one 

 of the best wheat towns in Schoharie county, 

 "the crop was injured from ten to twenty-five 

 per cent, by smut, and that the farmers knew 

 of no method to prevent the disease. From 

 reading the experiments of scientific men, and 

 from practical knowledge, 1 know that smut is 

 easily prevented, by salt and lime, or by the 

 latter alone, if properly applied. 



The French chemists have multiplied experi- 

 BierAs upon this subject, and perhaps there is no 

 ichool of science, which has devoted more time 

 to improve agriculture than that of France, and 

 none which have come to more correct con- 

 clusions. I am going to state the French pro- 

 cess for preventing smut, and 1 pledge myself, 

 that, if correctly followed, it will prove efTecl- 

 oal ! 



to soak 24 hours, turning it five or six times, 

 when It may be sown. 



Grain limed by immersion docs not incom- 

 mode the sower, like that which is limed in the 

 ordinary way. It adheres like a varnish to the 

 surface of the grain; its germination is quicker, 

 and, as it carries with it moisture enough to de- 

 velope the embryo, the wheat will not suffer 

 for want of ram ; insects will not attack it, as 

 they cannot bear the acid taste of lime. 



Independent of the benefit of lime steeps in 

 preventing smut, there will be found, in the 

 3d volume of the IMemoirs of the Board of Ag- 

 riculture of the state of New York, some co- 

 gent reasons for believing, that it is equally ef- 

 ficacious in preventing the depredations of the 

 Hessian fly. 



3 obtain good timber. 



Bark the tree the year before it is cut down. 

 By this means the alburnum is converted into 

 wood. — Loudon'' s Ency. of Gar. 174. 



It is the sap in the alburnum, or white wood, 

 which causes timber, rapidly to decay. The 

 sap contains saccharine matter, acids and muci- 

 lage which ferment with heat, and bring on a 

 decomposition of the wood. By the process 

 recommended, the moisture is exhausted with- 

 out fermentation, and the pores of the alburnum 

 contract and harden. Soaking boards and tim- 

 ber in water renders the sap thin, so that when 

 taken out and exposed to the sun, it is more 

 readily expelled. In the process of charring, 

 the moisture is expelled ; and not only this, 

 but the coal (carbon) protects the timber from 

 moisture, air and heat, the great agents in the 

 process of putrefaction. Charred wood is said 

 to have been taken out of the ground at Con- 

 stantinople, in a sound stale, which had lain 

 there seven hundred years. 



In grasses, as well as in perennial frees and 

 shrubs, there is more soluble matter in winter 

 than in summer,and its specific gravity is great- 

 er in consequence of the economy of nature, 

 which lays up nutritive matter for "the wants of 

 the plant in spring, Davy, 223. The nutritive 

 matter of the grasses is laid up in the joints ; 

 and consequently those having most joints are 



pies, the general source of corruption and gen- 

 eration, in which the seeds of things seem to 

 be latent, ready lo appear and produce their 

 o«n kind whenever they light uj)on a proper 

 matrix. — Bishop Berkley, Geor. Ess. vol, l,p. 348. 



INDIGESTION-EATING TOO FAST. 



The most common cause of morbid distension 

 of the stomach is eating too fast ; for the appe- 

 tite only subsiding in proportion as the food com- 

 bines with, and neutralizes the gastric fluid pre- 

 viously in the stomach ; when we eat too fast, 

 before this combination is completed, so much 

 i.s taken, that the whole gastric fluid which 

 the stomach is capable of supplying during the 

 digestive process is not sufiicient to effect the 

 due alteration on it; whereas, when we eat 

 slowly, the appelite abates before the stomach 

 is overcharged; for while digestion is going on, 

 and the gastric fluid is only supplied in propor- 

 tion as fresh food comes in contact with the 

 coats of the stomach, it combines with the food 

 as il is formed, and never excites the appetite. 

 The food, when we eat too fast, is not only re- 

 ceived into the stomach in loo great quantities, 

 but is swallowed without being duly masticated 

 and mixed ivith saliva, and therefore without 

 properly undergoing \vhat may be considered 

 the first process of digestion. It is thus present- 

 ed to the stomach in a slate in which the gastric 

 fluid pervades and consequently acts upon it with 

 more difficulty. In this way eating too fast is 

 injurious even when the patient abstains from 

 taking too much. For these reasons to eat 7nod- 

 erately and slowly is often of greater consequence 

 than any other rule of diet. The dyspeptic 

 should carefully attend to the first feeling of sa- 

 tiety. There is a moment when the relish giv- 

 en by the appetite ceases ; a single mouthful 



taken after this, oppresses a weak stomach ; 



he who eats slowly, and carefully attends to this 

 feeling, will never overload the stomach. — Dr. 

 Philip on Indigestion. . 



Grain. — Wheat and corn, both of good qiialj. 

 ty, are selling in New York at the same prices 

 — a most unusual occurrence. The price of 

 both articles is about 80 cents per bushel. New 

 York superfine flour is g4,60 her barrel, Indian 



meal 



,25. 



