394 



xNEW ENGLAND FARMER. 



July 7, 1826. 



their orchards the year ensuing, 



and who choose 

 track, 



of ascending - . 



eggs on the branches, she will cieposit them with- 

 in the loose bark of the trunk, 



to travel in the old and generally approved 

 1 would recommend the application of two or three 

 dressin<TS of tar to their trees at proper intervals, 

 about the period of the hatching of the worms, or 

 very «oon after -, as experience hfs discovered that 

 when tlie female grub is defeat.^ in her purpose 

 the tree, and there depositing her 

 1 (lep 



<, ind thus pcrpetu 

 ate her progeny ; and to a limited extent defeat 

 the expectations of those who mate use of tar as 

 a preventive. One other means of prevention in a 

 degree sufficient to preserve M fruit from the 

 ravages of the canker worm, I will mention, as 

 there are yet several persons liiing who will at- 

 test the fact. I 



From thirty to forty years agolhe canker worms 

 prevailed very generally in thi[ vicinity, during 

 the whole of those years ; son.e persons tarred 

 their trees, but the greater part did not : — at that 

 time one of my neighbors had an orchard, which 

 was divided by a road 3'2 feet wid^ ; on one side 

 the road he planted potatoes everyiyear, — on the 

 other it was generally in grass :— tii.il portion of ^^ 

 his orchard which was planted withpotAtoes yield- 

 ed every other year a very handsome supply of 

 apples : (the trees being all ol one kiuc under any 

 circumstances never bore every yeir) while that 

 portion of his orchard that was in gra<s was trom 

 year to year stripped of every green leaf, until 

 at length it became exhausted with its efforts to 

 produce two generations of leaves a year, for so 

 many years in succession ; the trees became tired 

 of the effort and perished. 



Observation and e.Kperience have tnught me to 

 believe that the worm while in the chrysalis state 

 may be found-from one to four inches <leep in the 

 earth ; the greater part however while in that 

 state, are from 1 to 2J inches deep— From vvlikli 

 circumstance I infer tliat fiete is a reasonuhh 

 probabUity of operating upon theoi to advantage 

 by making use of alkali : actual experiment how- 

 ever will alone te^^t its utility. 



Moving the earth with a plough or hoe to the 

 depth of 3 inches, late in November or beginning 

 of Pecember, has been found very efficacious in 

 destroying them. 



The forO'Toing observations are submitted to the 

 public in the hope that they may be the means of 

 eliciting such additional fiict.i in relation to the 

 best mithod of destroying the enemy in question, 

 as can be obtuiiied through the medium of your 

 paper. Yours respectfully, 



ROLAND HOWARD. 



Easton, June 21, 1836. 



The specimens of exuberant vegetables, nipu- 1 than the animal's eating foul litter. It must be 

 tioned above,may be seen in the office of the New 'obvious that horses employed in severe labour 

 Eno-land Farmer. With regard to the piths of ox i should be allowed to lie down whenever they are 

 hor'ns, there can be no doubt of their proving val- inclined to do so ; but even then all the litter may 



uable as manure, as pulverized bones and horn- be turned out early in the morning, the floor of the 

 shavings have long been noted as very fertilizing stall swepi perfectly clean, and a bed of fresh 

 substances. It is°obvious, however that this lund I straw put in. If the foul litter be spread abroad 

 of manure cannot often be procured in any conad- in the open air, and shaken up two or three times 

 orable quantities. Besides, the trouble of driving during the day, the greater part would be again 

 them in the ground would be more, we should ip- ' fit for litter, and, with the addition of a little fresh 

 prehend, than most farmers would submit to. If i straw, would serve to replace that upon which the 

 they could conveniently bo cut, ground, brokej to | horse has rested during the day. It has been said, 

 pieces, or, what w-ould" be bet er still, reducec to ; that horses which stand constantly on litter are 

 powder, the effects of the application would he ; apt to feel the difference of the road and become 

 greater and they might be applied with less labour j tender-footed. Mr Clark observes that the heat 

 and expense. Editor. ! arising from the litter occasions a more than ordi- 



nary derivation of blood to the legs and feet, — 

 and hence arise swelling or gourdiness of tliose 

 part^, greasy heels, and stiffness or numbness. If 

 the liorse lies down for relief, the heat of the lit- 

 ter soon forces him to get up again, and after re-- 

 and forced to get up imme- 



ef ' c'iately from the above cause, he attempts it no 

 e, farther ; he stands upright, or perhaps a little 



ON THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES 

 OF HORSES. (Continued from page ZS7. J 



THE STABLE. 



Wlien a stable is ventilated by means of a tibe i peatedly lying down 

 or chimney, it should be placed in the centre 

 I tlie ceiling, the opening in which should be lai 



proportion to the number of horses kept ; it ' straddling, oi'ten shifting the weight of his body 

 cannot well be too large, but may be contracted fiom one leg to the other. This erect position, in 

 upwards, so as to liave a conical shape, or it luay . i^hich he is obliged to stand, increases the swel- 

 be made so as to resemble a dome or cupola. It | jjng of his legs, &c. and recourse is then had to 

 sliould be carried a few feet above the top of the j Heeding, purging, diuretics, &c. 

 roof, and have lateral openings by means of slant- | Lord Pembroke, in his Military Equitation, ob- 

 ing boards, but closed on the top ; by which con- \ jerves that after working, and at night of course, 

 trivance, there would be a free communication jg also in lameness and sickness, it is good for 

 w ith the atmosphere, and the rain would be effect- horses to stand on litter ; it also produces staling, 

 ually excluded. &c. At other times, it is a bad custom ; the con- 



There have been different opinions held with re- ^tant use of it heats and makes the feet tender, and 

 spect to the removal of the litter during the day ; i ;auses swelled legs ; moreover, it renders the ani- 

 but when we consider how rapidly and abundantly \mg\ delicate. 



ammonia or the volatile alkali is generated in it, I Swelled legs may be often reduced to their nat- 

 and how injurious that vapour is to the eyes and,j/al size, merely by taking away the litter, which, 

 limg-s, there can be no doubt of the propriety of (n some stables, where ignorant grooms and far- 

 removing it. Dr. Egan of Dublin has discovered,' ^jgrs govern, would be a great saving of physick 

 according to Mr Peall, that the urine of the horse ^^mj bleeding besides straw. 



begins to generate volatile alkali very soon after it 1 i^^xA Pembroke has noticed by repeated experi- 

 is voided : and it is well observed, by the same I n^nts, that legs swell or unswell by leaving litter 

 author, that if tliis vapour be capable of painfully or taking it away, like mercury in a weather glass. 



Mr Fessenden — With this you will please to 

 accept a bundle of rye. It is from the farm of Mr 

 Isaac Hastings in Lexington, and was sown in 

 the month of October. There are seventy heads 

 which will average fifty kernels, making thirty- 

 five hundred to be the product of a single kernel. 



You will likewise receive with this a stem of 

 Herd's Grass, which stood over four feet in height. 

 The head measures nine inches and three-eighths, 

 and was tlie produce of low swampy land which 

 was cleared, drained, and overlaid, with a good 

 bed of gravel, and manured in part by driving the 

 piths of ox-horns in a green state, all over the 

 laml, tip part downwards ; which is calculated to 

 be s IHcient without any other manure for three 

 years at legist. Yours respectfully, 



Bodon, July 5, 1830. ISAAC II. GARY. 



stimulating a sound and healtliy eye, its effects 

 upon one that is inflamed, and, consequently, ex- 



Mr Blaine is of opinion, that the custom of stand- 

 inr on litter ruins more horscj than all the mail: 



tromely irritable, must be both highly painful and or stage coaches put together ; that it is the fruit- 

 prejudicial to the organ. In confirmation of tliis i fj source of contracted feet, and brings on that 

 opinion, the author relates the following experi- ! ruinous afljiBCtion with more certainty than the hard- 

 ment: A horse labouring under inflammation of , est work. In my own stables (he says) no litter is 

 the eye, was removed from the stable, where he ; ever suffered to remain under the forefeet during 

 kept both eyes constantly shut, and placed in a cool, thft day. The horses stand on bare bricks, which. 



airy situation ; in tlie space of half an hour he be- 

 gan gradually to open his eyes, and, in the space 

 of two or three hour.<, he kept them open boldly. 

 The horse was agair placed in the stable, and in a 



m summer, are watered to make them more cool ; 

 by which means I have experienced astonishing 

 benefit. Behind, a little litter is strewed, because 

 tiiey are apt to kick and break the bricks with 



few minutes he began gradually to close the eyes, their hind feet : and because the litter thus placed 

 and after an hour or two, kept them constantly sucks up the moisture of the urine, which would 

 shut. Not satisfied, however, w ith this experiment, be detrimental to the hinder feet, which arc more 

 though it seems pretty conclusive, the horse was liable to thrushes than contraction. 



again removed to tlie cool situation, and the same ] ■ — — 



cfiect followed as at first. If tlie vapours produced j BEES. 



by foul litter prove so injurious (.> the eyes, it can- It is a cause of regret and wonder that so little 

 not surely be less prejudicial to the lungs: and attention iias of late been given to the increase and 

 It is higlily probable that if coughs are not produ- preservation of this industrious and useful insect 



ced in this way they are often aggravated and 

 rendered incurable by those irritating effluvia. — 

 Another evil to be considered is the propensity 

 observ.able in many horses to eat their litter. — 

 'I his is often the case with such us have a chronic 

 cougli, or are disposed to become brokenwinded, 

 or have worms : and in all these diseases, there is 

 nothing, perhaps, more likely to increase tliem 



in New-England, particularly in Massachusetts. — 

 An apiary is, at present, so uncommon a thing 

 among us, that to many of this rising generation, 

 one would be a novel and interesting sight. Our 

 country is, indeed, "a land flowing with jnilk" 

 and with suitable care and attention might in a 

 few years, abound with "Aoiifi/." 

 The Bee is an insect that multiplies very rapid- 



