454 



F A II M 10 R S ' RE (J I S T E K 



[No. 8 



For Iransporlation of 35,000 passengers, 

 at 2^- cenir', . - . - 875 dollars. 



For tran.^portalionoflSjOOO tons ofgood.-i 



at 6\ cents, - - . . 975 dollars. 



For iransportaiion ol'the mail and other 



ex[)enpes. . - . . 100 dollars. 



Total, 1950 dollars. 

 Or 63 dollars 41 cents of every 100 dollars gross 

 income. On the Belgian rail-roads, oi every 100 

 dollars gross revenue, the expenses are 65 dollars 

 59 cents, or per year per mile 3937 dollars 86 cents. 

 (I) Interest on the capital invested. — In Ame- 

 rica the annual averaire gross income, per mile, of 

 road, amounts to .3075 dollars, the annual current 

 expenses lo 1950, leaving 1125 dollars, which 

 compared wiUi the cost of a mile of road (20,000 

 dollars), give 5| per cent, interest. On the rail- 

 roads in Belirium, the annual gross income, per 

 mile, is 6003 dollars 75 cents, the expenses 3937 

 dollars 86 cents, leavinrr 2065 dollars 89 cents as 

 interest on the cost o(" 41,300 dollars per mile, or 

 exactly 5 per cent. 



XIV. Gcnfral remarks. 



The comparison of the results of the Belgian 

 rail-roads with those of the rail-roads in the 

 United States of America, speaks evidently in 

 favor of the first. The extremely low charges for 

 passage on the Belgian rail-roads has increased 

 the number of passengers in an unparalleled de- 

 gree, and produced an intercourse not attained in 

 any other country of the world. While the 

 higher prices in the better classes of cars yield a 

 considerable profit, the price in the last class or 

 for the great mass of the people, is so low that it 

 almost only covers the expenses. The Belgian 

 rail-roads are, therefore, throughout a great 

 popular, democratic establishment, which must 

 have found the approbation of the people and 

 every intelligent man; the Belgian rail-roads a!'- 

 fird to the crovernment the greatest facility in 

 the tranpoiialion of troops, the importance of which 

 was evinced principally for tlie last years ; the 

 Belgian rail-roatls yield, in confbrmiiy with the 

 grand idea of their establishment, only the inter- 

 est and sinking fijnd of their capital, but the state 

 treasury has, by the increase of intercourse, indi- 

 rectly gained in all taxes, in the revenue from tolls 

 on turnpike roads and fi-orn the mails; the most 

 important gain, however, was that kepi in view by 

 the great founderof these roads, to bring the nation 

 mto a more intimate contact, and to form of it one 

 large liimily, on which the actual national device, 

 "L' Union lail la force, ' ('-Union gives strength,"') 

 becomes realized. 



F. A. Chevalier De Gerstner. 



Cincinnati, 25th June, 1839-. 



Oc|-Five francs and 33 centimes, or 533 Fiench 

 centimes are equal to one dollar. One Enirlj^h 

 mile is equal to 1610 meHres. 



THE COTTON CROPS OF THE WORLD. 



From tlie Pliiladt'Ipliia Tiuiuiierk 



There is no subject connected with commerce 

 or agriculture, which possesses a hurher interest 

 fur the citizens of the Ut.ited Slates, tlian the pro- 



duction and consumption of cotton. We have, on 

 more than one occasion, devoted our columns to 

 the insertion of informatron upon the subject ; and 

 our attention is particularly called to it just now, in 

 consequence of a recent publication of a valuable 

 letter, signed "Cotton Plant," in a spirited New 

 York paper, called the 'Whip.' The writer com- 

 mences by stating that the entire growth of cotton 

 in the world is set down at 81,000,000.000 pounds. 

 Of this, 550 millions are supposed to be grown in 

 •he United States ; 30 in Brazil ; 8 in the West 

 Indies ; 27 in Egypt; 36 in the west of Africa ; 

 190 in the west of Asia ; 35 in Mexico and Soutfi 

 America, except Brazil ; and 14 millions else- 

 where. 



Thus, at 10 cents per pound, a price below 

 which It has rarely ever fallen, this crop is worth 

 8100,000,000. For the last fifty years, however, 

 the value (though often fluctuating suddenly ami 

 widely) has averaged 19 1-2. At this price, the 

 present growth of the world is worth ij^ 192,500,000. 



Of this, about 350 millions of pounds are consu- 

 med and manufactured in England ; about 150 

 millions in the United States ; SO in France ; 250 

 in China and India; 25 in South America and 

 Mexico, including Brazil; 35 in Germany; 45 in 

 Turkey and Africa ; 10 in Spain; 20 in Russia; 

 and the remainder elsewhere. 



The value of cotton manufactures in England is 

 believed to be annualh' about 170 millions of dol- 

 lars; in France at 70 millions; in the United States 

 at 60 millions. 



The capital employed in manufi\cturing by ma- 

 chinery, is estimated in England at 200 millions of 

 dollars; in France at 120 millions; in the U. States 

 at 110 millions. 



The consumption in manufacturesof raw cotton 

 in all Euro[)e, in 1803, was estimated at only 60 

 millions of pounds. (Die. of Span. Com.) The 

 whole consumption in Europe, in 1830, was about 

 .387 millions of pounds. In 1838, it is believed to 

 be nearly 500 millions of pounds. 



South Carolina and Georgia were the first states 

 in this Union to grow cotton to any considerable 

 extent. In 1791, two millions of pounds were 

 grown in the union — one and a half millions of 

 which grew in South Carolina, and one half mil- 

 lion in Georgia. 



In 1801, forty millions was the crop of the Uni- 

 ted States — of which, 20 millious grew in South 

 Carolina, 10 in Georgia, 5 in Virginia, 4 in North 

 Carolina, and 1 in Tennessee. 



In ISll, the crop of (he United States had reach- 

 ed 80,000,000— of which, 40 grew in South Caroli- 

 na, 20 in Georgia, 8 in V^irginia, 7 in North 

 Carolina, 3 in Tennessee, and 2 in Louisiana. 



In 1S21, one hundred and seventy millions of 

 pounds were growing in the union, as follows : 50 

 millions in South Carolina, 45 in Georgia, 20 in 

 Tennessee, 20 in Alabama, 12 in Virginia, 10 in 

 Norih Carolina, 10 in Louisiana, and 10 in Missis- 

 sippi. 



In 1828, the whole crop of the union was 348^ 

 millions. Of this, Georgia grew 75 millions. South 

 Carolina 70, Tennessee 45, Alabama 45, Lousi- 

 ana 38, Mississippi 20, Virginia 25, North Caroli- 

 na 18, Florida 2, and Arkansas one-half of a mil- 

 Hon. 



In 1833, the crop of the union had increased (o 

 437| nnllions. Of this, 88 millions grew in Geor- 

 gia, 73 in South Carolina, 70 in Mississippi, 65 in 



