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CONDlTCTin> BV ISAAC IIILI.. 



*Tho!'e who l*uob in the karth are the chose.v FEoruK OF God, whose nnEASTa he has mvde his peci:liaii deposite for surstantial and oenh'ine vm^ifk:.*' — JcfferAon. 



VOLUME VII. 



CONCORD, N. H., FEBUARY 28, 1845. 



NUMBER 2. 



rnaamtsesmeam 



THE P.VRMES-S .MDM-HLV VISITOR, 



ri i:i.iiin.!) BV 



ISAAC HILL, & SONS, 



ISSlfKD ON THE LAST DAV OF EVF.RV MONTH, 



At Atheuian Building. 



Jli^GENcnAL Agents.— B. ('ook, Keen^^ X H. ; Thomas 

 n. Hampton, Washinfilon City, I). C; John MAH-iU, Wash- 

 ingUm St. fioflon, 41a.^^■.i Chaiu.es VVabben, IJriuley Uo« , 

 Worcester, Sliiss. 



TERMS. — To gin^Ie subscribei-s, Fijly Cfnts. Ten per 

 fi lit. uill h:- alluwcd to thr pfrstm who shall st-ml mure than 

 oiH.' Biih:5frihrr. Twelvi; rnpios willhe sent for Hie advanci? 

 payment of Fit'c i>uWa;-.'<; iwt'nty-tivt: copies fiir Ten Dollars; 

 sixty rnpies for Tieentij Dollar.!. ''VUn paymi:nt in every cast to 

 be made in advance. 



^jf^Money and !fnbscnpthji.t, bi; a rf-rnlatlon nf thr Post Master 

 Oenrraly imuj in all cflj>cv be rciiiUlcd by Uic Post JUaHer, free uj 



{Jrj^All gentU*m Ml wlio have herctofurc acted as Agents nie 

 irtpR'st'Hl to continue their Acency. Old subscribers who 

 come under Ih:^ new term?-, will please notify us of the names 

 alriiady on our boo! 



Adulterated 31ilk. 



TliR iij|j:iljit.'iiils of larfre ciiies ;iro coiistatilly 

 ri<iii|ilniTii;i<r, wiili very ^nod reason, tliat tlie yi- 

 liclu sold to lliL'iii Miiilpr the name of iiiilU is 

 Msteiiialically ailiilli-ialeil. The iidiler of the 

 cow siipjilies iiierrlylhe hasis ol' the coniiioiiiid ; 

 water, and oerlaiii rorLij.'n suhstancos to give it 

 the ]ei[nisi!e whiteness, forming llie other iiiirre- 

 dientn. Tlie cohiiin;r tnaliei- is made from things 

 of wliich the [iiihlie at laifxe have very little no- 

 lion. The [ii'cvailiiijr lielief re;.'i',nlinjr the Lon- 

 don tnilk iiianiifactni'i'i's is, tliat chalk is iheir 

 (iivoiite |)ij.'inent. Their lirelhren of Paiis, how- 

 ever, employ a more eMensive range of adulicr- 

 iiling snbstanccs — sneli as flour, plaster of Paris, 

 ralves' lights, and a still more extraordinarj' ani- 

 mal substance, namely, ilogs' lirains. 



This system of adulteraiioji is the more ahoni- 

 inahle, when we consider that, of all species of 

 Iboil proper fiir the support of human lili-, milk 

 is the most nsefid. It is unlike any other aliment 

 in this respect — that it has the power of stistaiti- 

 ing life without the assistance of any other sort 

 <d' sustenance. 'I'hongh man cannot live by bread 

 alone, yet iiatnre can he fnlly sustained by milk, 

 were he rednce<l to have nothing el.se to sustain 

 him. Its consnniption, Ihereliire, is v<M"y great in 

 every pait of the uoild except in China, where 

 it is never used as a beverage. It has been com- 

 [inted that the average consiiiiiplion of milk in 

 I'aris, during the year 1837, was about LijOOO 

 gallons per day. VVIiat the daily consumption 

 of London may be, is not to be aseert.iined. If 

 we reckon it in proportion to the popidation of 

 the two cities, about ;JO,000 gallons ol' milk may 

 be consumed every day in the great metropolis. 



in Paris, everything is done, from the highest 

 function of yovermnent to the pettiest pid)lic 

 convenience, by an "administration." Hence 

 the purveyance of milk to the Parisians is ertect- 

 ed by an ^^ndministralio)),'" which was formed by, 

 and remains under the surveillance of, IMojisienr 

 (he prefect of police. The whole country around 

 the capital is laid inider contribution to supply 

 it with milk, some of which comes from a (lis- 

 tance of (ifty tniles. The details of this import- 

 ant n(/?/jii!is/rL//i'on are as follows: — In certain vil- 

 lages near to Paris are situated large establislr- 

 iiuiits, which serve as depots for the reception 

 nnd distribution of milk. Of the largest, one 

 belongs to M. Delanos at Cormeille-en-Vixeii, on 

 the road to Dieppe, and another to M. Delacom' 

 at Envery. From each of these central <!stab- 

 lishments (laitciies conlralts) a number of light 

 carts are despatcheil twice n day, to collect iho 



milk Irom the dillereni farmers, each having a 

 round or district of its ow n. These vehicles start 

 and arrive at the puneluality of a clock, so that, 

 if the country people are not ready wiih their 

 quota of milk at the miunle the collector calls, 

 they lose the sale of it. 'J'hese collections are so 

 managed, that each charioteer arrives at il](; cen- 

 tral de[)olwiih his milky freight exactly at the 

 same hour. A certain poiti(iU of it is retained 

 in the house to be converterl into cream, butter, 

 and cheese, and tli(! rest is sent on dire<'t to Pa- 

 ris. M. Delacoiir i'nd Delanos have distributed 

 throiighouL the capital a vast nimdier of little 

 milk slio[)S, which their friend the prefect of po- 

 lice has placed in sncji parts of the town as will 

 prevent rivalry bi't«een them; so that e.icli of 

 these great milkmen has a separate territory, ovei- 

 which — in the matter of milk — he despotically 

 presiiles. From these local depots (laileries) the 

 public obtain their milk with a punctuality rpiile 

 equal to that with uliich they receive letters 

 lhr(Ui;4h the post. M. Delacour rents above sev- 

 enty of these su;all shops; but the ohier estab- 

 tahlished. I\L Delanos, boast of nearly double that 

 number. 'I'here are, besides, smaller proprietors 

 in direct correspondence (by railroad and oilier 

 public conveyances) with cowfeeders and farm- 

 ers in the neighborhood of Paris. M. Lenoir, 

 an eminent statist, computes that, in 1837, about 

 8,700,000 francs (above £350,400) were spent for 

 milk in Paris. 



The milk-trade of r^ontlon has, like that of 

 Paris, its great proprietors. Of cow-keepers, the 

 rej)resentatives of the late Mr. Rhodes of the 

 Ilau)psiead Road, and of Mr. Laycock of Isling- 

 ton, must be considered as the aristocracy. There 

 was a tradition respecting the former gemlemaii's 

 establishment which may serve to show its mag- 

 niludi', liamely, Ihat so many as a thousand cows 

 could never be maintained upon it; for so sure 

 as the thou.sundlh was added to the stock, one of 

 the nine hundred and ninety-tnne died, so as to 

 leave that exact nmid)er alive, and no more. The 

 herd of the Islington proprietor is, we have been 

 told, e(pjally large. There are, besides, lesser 

 cowli'eders, w hose stock varies from twenty to a 

 hundred head. 



To the esiablishnients of the larger suburban 

 proprietors, milk-retaileis repair twice a day, 

 piu'chase the article at the wholesale price, take 

 it to their own homes, where — unless the craft 

 be iimch libelled — tin; quantity is nincli increased 

 at the expense of the quality before delivered to 

 the public. 'I'he London milk-trade, then, is di- 

 vided into two great branches, consisting of those 

 who keep cows, and those who me](dy sell milk. 

 Sometimes, however, these two departments are 

 united, and the same individual retails the produce 

 of his own slock, vxjiich, in an overcrowded city 

 like London, is abnost universnily stall-fed. The 

 denizen of the provinces, while threading his 

 way through a dense, clo.se, and pestiferous neigh- 

 borhood, may be occasionally startled, while 

 peeping into a cella", or what was once a parlor, 

 to heboid ;i cow or two tied uj) to a sort of man- 

 ger, there ill all probability to lie imprisoned 

 during the term of their natural lives, never hav- 

 ing enjoyed the sight of a green field since the 

 days of calf-hood. The milk yielded by these 

 nnliicky animals must be of a very inferior de- 

 scription; yet even that is adulterated. Accord- 

 ing to the occupation abstract of the census of 

 1841, the number of persons employed in I'eed- 

 ing cows and selling milk was 2704. 



It is perhaps wrong to stigmatize the whole of 

 these individuals as deteriorating the article tliey 

 deal ill; for, doubtless, a great many are honegt 

 traders, and do not sophisticate their milk. One 

 thing is certain, that some in this line of busi- 

 ness, lest tlicy should be suspected of the prac- 

 tice, drive their cows about the streets, and 

 guarantee the genuineness of the commodity hy 

 milking the poor beast before the cnstomor's eyep, 



Vet adulteration must be very generally carried 

 on, else "the chalk and water of London" could 

 never have so lirmly established ilsi-lf as a prov- 

 erb as it has done. It is said of a celebrated 

 comedian, that when he first came to London 

 from the rural districts, he imagined that real 

 milk was unattainable : and tinding that the chalk 

 and water supplied lo him as such was very bad- 

 ly mixed, he one nioi niiig, in the simplicity of 

 his heart, presented two vessels to the milk-seller, 

 saying, "he would, if convenienl, take the in- 

 gredients separate, lor he |neli.-rred mixing llieni 

 himself." As a fresh proof ol' the difliculty of 

 obtaining good milk in London, we may instance 

 the fact, that in noblemen's liunilies, where the 

 consumption is great, the supply is drawn ili- 

 rectly from larms in the viciniiy of the nictro|io- 

 lis. The great tavern and hotel keepers have 

 taken d.:iry liiinis on their own account, in de- 

 spair of obtaining, the genuine arli(4e by other 

 means. 



It must not, however, be iuferreil that London 

 is the only place where milk is adulterated. With 

 all the centralising regulations of the Paris po- 

 lice, the article is very largely vitiated in that city, 

 and we iue led to believe, in every other place 

 where the demand for the nutritious aliment is 

 great. Many have been the enbils to suppress 

 this fraudulent manuliicture ; but hitherto they 

 have iiroved abortive. Lately, however, science 

 has aided in the detection, and a certain Dr. 

 Donne Iwis invented two instrnmeiils, by one of 

 which the proportion of water added to iiny 

 quantity of milk can he readily found out, while 

 the other enables us lo ascertain the relative rich- 

 ness of cream. The first will prove of essential 

 value not only to the London public, but lo the 

 inhabitants of all large cities. \l is called a 

 lactometer, and consists in n|«ight lubes of glass 

 [daced one within the other. The suspected milk, 

 poured into this simple machinery, very soon 

 separtcs itself from the jidnllerating water, the 

 proportion of which lo the rest of the liquid 

 shows itself by means of a scale of degrees 

 marked on the outside of the lube. We have 

 not yet heard whether the liawk-e\ed police of 

 Paris have aihqired the detective power, but a 

 paragraph from a Belgian joiuiial assures us that 

 the IJrussels officials have. On the 27th of last 

 June, a body of police, armed with lactonieter.e, 

 posted themselves at the gales of the city, and 

 condemned and seized no fewer than eighty large 

 cans of milk. 



The consequence has been, that the denizens 

 of liriissels have subseqneiil'v had no no cause 

 to complain of being siipplicil with bad milk. 

 Thanks to Dr. Donne, his hii'tomiter, and the 

 municipal police, they got the full benefit of some 

 of the finest milcli cows in the world, which (tied 

 upon the unequalled pastur^is td' tlio Relgian 

 meadow-land. 



The lactometer would be a useful instrument 

 in the bauds of the London public. By it they 

 would at least he able to a certain how much 

 water they are made to drink in their niilk, and 

 thus, by discovering the extent of the adultera- 

 tion, gradually remedy it. We have not seen 

 cither of the learned Donne's machines, and are 

 indebted for a description and figures of them to 

 the 8ljth number of the Ullhistrutiun Joiiniat 

 Universel. 



Sheep from Vermont. 



We are pleased to see the eaic and attention 

 which some of our flock-masters give to their 

 sheep, notwithstanding the obstacles, both physi- 

 cal and otherwisi^ which are continually arising 

 in the way of improvementand profit. We took 

 pains, the other day, to pay our re/ipccts to some 

 young Verinonters, irom the flocks of Mr. Jewett 

 and others, of Weybridge and viciniiy, (Vt.) A 

 company was formed last Spring, consisting of 

 Messrs. "F.. Wood ,ti)iI N. Foslc'r of Winlhrnp, 



