2tl)c iTavmcr'i) ilTontl)ln lUoitor. 



45 



sharks, could get a shovel's hrendtli of ground to 

 land upon. When an ayent liud n ship loading 

 ut Ills stage, he purposely kept dallying with the 

 work, until another ^^lJip Irotn his house at home 

 would arrive to take up the herth, although there 

 might he three hiuidred other ships surrounding 

 the little island, and waiting for access to the 

 beach. Sipiahlilcs anil small fights were of con- 

 tinued occurrence, and increased until a sloop-of- 

 war arrived to preserve order. Her connnander 

 remained lill he; lielievi^d his presence no longer 

 necessary. Oil the fallowing day the demurring 

 shipmasters held ;i meeting, and it was very soon 

 resolved thai a general leforni should he made 

 instanter. There were ahout three hinidred 

 ships at moorings, and each ship agreed to send 

 her j>ropnrlion ol' men ashore with guns and 

 bayonets, mustcM-ing altogether ahout fointeen 

 hundreil men. Supercargo town was attacked, 

 and its entire popuhitiion put to the rout at the 

 jiointofthe hayoiu-t, and driven directly into the 

 sea up to theii' chins,anil the discomfileil landlords 

 there anil th<'U made to swear, that from that tinie 

 henceforth they h.iil reru)i]uislie<l all right and 

 title to the soil of Ichalioe ; after which declara- 

 tion they were permitted to return to their respe- 

 tive places ofaliodi'. This SMnnnary pi'occeding 

 produced an entire change in the civil atTairs of 

 the island, and ships are now loading at the rale 

 of filly Inns a day, after lying idle for months. — 

 Greenock Observer. 



Black Sea Wheat. 



Mr. Tl'ckek — This wheat is found to he so 

 valuable a variety of spring grain in this and some 

 other of the New-Kiigl.nul States, that I am dis- 

 posed to trouhle, yon with another letter on ilit; 

 suhJKct. It is evidently a very hardy grain, and 

 not lialile to suffer Ironj the depredation of in- 

 sects. It will grow and yield a tair crop, on al- 

 most evi-ry variety of soil, rich or poor; on very 

 rich laud it fills well, even when it is inclined to 

 lodge. 



It has heen suggesleil that it would he profita- 

 ble to introduce this wheat into those parts of 

 Michigan and Illinoi.s, where the winter variety 

 suffers much damage, and yields poorly on ac- 

 count of the Inxiniance in grovvlli. 



Most farmers here iail hy letting this Black sea 

 wheat stand too long. It piodneesless bran, and 

 the bread is whiter and sweeter, where the ciop 

 is gathered in a greenish state. When allowed 

 to stand upon the groniul till perlijctly ripe, there 

 is a black mould, or substance, which frequently 

 may be seen between the lobes on the belly of 

 the grain. 



1 believe this grain was first shipped to Port- 

 land in the State of Alaine, and it proved to be so 

 valuable in that Stal^■, that the Kennebec Ci.unty 

 Agricultural Society have recently iriade two ad- 

 ditional importaliniis IVoin the JJIack Sea, both 

 of which have proved entire Inihnes. In 1841, 

 they had forwarded tinongh the agency of Thom- 

 as Cordis of IJoston, sixteen bu^l]els. It was dis- 

 tributed, and sown hy difiereiU individuals in 

 that county, on vaiiflus soils in the ditlerent loca- 

 tions, and in all cases it mildewed. Some was 

 sown again with no better success in 1842. In 

 that year, through the same agency, lliey pro- 

 cured about the same fjnantity, which prove<i lo 

 he the same variety, and they met with equal bad 

 success. They were in hopes to have obtained 

 some of the Siberian wheat in the last attempt, 

 but were disappointed. I mnlerstaud they are 

 about to try again their success in another impor- 

 tation. We have proved by actual experiment, 

 that not only this, but other kiiuls of winter luid 

 spring wheat will produce better to change the 

 seeil back and forth every year, from east to 

 west, and from west to the ea.sl, between Maine 

 and Michigan. I understand that I\Ir. Cordis 

 has a nephew at Smyrna who is happy to confer 

 favors on such as are striving to improve the ag- 

 riculture T^d' the country. 



1 sowed this season on about two acres, near 

 3 bushels of seed, fiiim vvhicdi we harvested 7 1.^ 

 bushels of phinip wheat. } took lo Sprague's 

 mill in this town, some of this Black Sea wheat, 

 which was cleansed in "Bailey & Rich's Smut 

 Mill,-' (which, by the way, has proved lo be the 

 best machine to clean itamp <frmn, that has ever 

 been introduced among us.) There carefully 

 measured in a sealed measure, seven bushels, 

 which weighed on the scales, 478 lbs. and 3 

 ounces, which is 08 lbs. .5 ounces to the bushel 



after it was innnufactiu'ed into floiu-. The yield 

 Wiis 300 lb.". 8 ounces, or 51 lbs. 7 otmces of 

 Hour to the bushel, lUid 14 lbs. ami 10 ounces of 

 bran and middlings — waste, 2 ll)S. ,5 ounces. To 

 every sixty pounds of wheat, the produce is 45 

 pounds of tlonr. 



There appears to he two kinds cultivated Ireie, 

 the white and red chafl^ The heads id" both va- 

 rieties are guarded by a siont ami long beard. 

 The red chaff is geneially preferred to the white. 

 The berry of this wheat is large and of a dark 

 color, very hard, mid liot subject to shed in the 

 galheiing; it re<piires a threshing machine to 

 beat out the grain; it also requires moie mois- 

 ture to swell the berry, and is not so liable to 

 grow by standing out in the field as any other 

 kiinl cultivated here. S. W. Jewett. 



n'eijbridg;e, it., Jan. 31, 1845. 



I'eas, for early use, cannot he sown too soon 

 after the ground is dry enough to work. Si?lect 

 a warm peice of groiiml, rather saiuly, and do 

 not put oil lo mneli rank or strong manure, as it 

 tends to tluovv the peas too nuicli in vine>. 



'I'lie pea crop is a very proliialile one in many 

 situations. Sown on a sod fmrovv, it furnishes 

 an excellent pi-eparalion for wheat, or luiy other 

 crop. Very hot weatlier seems not lo be liivoia- 

 hle to thi^ y////;i;^- of peas ; therefore it is advisa- 

 ble to sow them so early that they may get well 

 advanced before the hottest and driest part of the 

 summer comes on. 



Peas anil oats are sometimes sown together, 

 and ari> considered profitable. Ground into meal, 

 they form an excellent fi)oil for laltening hogs and 

 other animals; and in the sections where liidiau 

 corn cannot be well grown, are highly esteemed. 



How to Raise Turkeys. 



The attention of our readers litis been repeat- 

 edly called to the subject of rai-ing poultry — in 

 the vicinity of our large cities, |)erliaps no stock 

 is so profitable. Some good practical hiiils may 

 be taken from the following, which the editoi- of 

 the New .lersey Jourmd gives as the result of con- 

 sideiahle experience of his own. The young 

 turkey is proverbially a tender chick, and "it is a 

 nice matter to know how to manage him luop- 

 erly.— £-/. 



VVe believe it is connnon among farmers to say 

 that a turkey's head costs twice as much as it's 

 body is worth when fattened. This we do not be- 

 lieve to be true, if he is properly managed ; huton 

 the contrary, we believe that nothing can lie raised 

 and turned to so great a profit. But Imkeys musi 

 have care, es|iecially when young; but tiiis care 

 will not entrench on the business of the farmer, 

 as it may be done by females or the younger 

 branches of the family, — and beside, the litile 

 damage they may do to grass, or other things, 

 must not be magnified tenfold, as is usually the 

 case. But by proper attention they will do no 

 damage at all. 



Belore giving our rules to he observed in rais- 

 ing turkeys, let us draw a coinparisni:. There 

 are but few liuiners but can raise 100 turkeys, — 

 tliese 100 turkeys will weigh, svhen liillened, in 

 December, upon an average, seven and a' half 

 pounds each, full dressed. VVe say full dresscrl, 

 for it is the practice \:\ some places to divest the 

 turkey of nolhiui; hut his head and fealhers, and 

 llieii take it t3 market. A practice as uncivil- 

 ized as it is disgusting. These hundred turkeys 

 then will weigh 7.^0 lbs., which in market are 

 equal to I,.50() lbs. of pork. But if the male tur- 

 keys are kept until Febiiiary or Maich, ihey will 

 not only increase in weight, twice the amount of 

 their feed, but the price in market will be much 

 higher. 



We will now give the rules to he observed in 

 raising and falleniiur ihein loiinded wholly on 

 our experience. Turkeys intendetl for breedei-s, 

 must be kept well during the winter. If put in 

 good condition, however, in December, it takes 

 bi,t little feed lo keep ihem so. Their nests for 

 laying must be made with hay or oat straw under 

 cover, and he well protected from the weather, 

 and from vermin. When incuhaiimi commen 

 ces, the turkey must not be disturbed, and if she 

 does not come from her nest for food atid water, 

 she must have both placed by her on her nest. — 

 When the young turkeys are hatched, ^ihcy may 

 be allowed to remain one day on the nest, or if 

 removed let them he shelliMed in a warm place, 

 tiiul plenly of straw for them to set upon, for ihey 



are now extremely liable to take cold. The 

 second day feed them with curds, or warm clab- 

 bered milk mixed with a little Indian or barley 

 meal. They must be kept up and fed in this way 

 for two or three days, and longer if the weather 

 should he cold or rainy, but as soon as a warm 

 and ph'asani day come.-:, let them out at nine or 

 ten o'clock, .-0111 shut them 'ip at four — and this 

 practice of letting them out and slinnirig up must. 

 be Ibllowed for live or six weeks, and on no ac- 

 count let ihem get wet. When a young turkey 

 begins lo droiq) there is hut little hope lor it. — 

 There is no danger of keeping them loo warm. 

 When they are live or six weeks <dd put a little 

 grease on their heads lo preserve them from lice. 



At the age of six or eight weeks the turkey is 

 more hardy, but still should not he exposed to 

 rains or the damp nights, lor a few weeks longer. 

 If the farmer has a plot of grass let him enclose 

 .•I yard wilh a high liJiice, and crop the wings of 

 llie old turkeys, and continue to leed them with 

 clabbeied milk, and whatever else he phtascs that 

 conns from the kitchen, such as broken bread, 

 potatoes, and the like. If he has a clover field, 

 as soon as it is mown, let them run on it, and lliey 

 will live on young clover. And as soon as the 

 crops are oft' the ground, say in August or Sep- 

 tember, let them range on the farm ; but see to it, 

 that they come to their roosting place at night, 

 ami have water. 



Ill December the turkeys will he large enough 

 to fatten, and for this purpose select as many a.s 

 you please, and shut ihein up, — next lake lo ihe 

 mill a few bushels of eitrs of Indian corn and have 

 it ground — llieii boil potatoes, and mix Ihe meal 

 wilh the scalding water and poUiloes in a inb, 

 say in the propoition of one bushel potatoes to 

 one peck or more of meal, and stir ihem well 

 together, then let it cool, hut give it to the tur- 

 keys as warm as they will bear it, and as much 

 as they will eat, ;iiid in two weeks and a half, 

 they w ill he (at enough fitr market, and for an 

 alderman's dinner. 



We do not^ake this from hooks, but from sev- 

 eral years experience. We kepi an exact account 

 of the expense of raising and futening a thick, 

 and at the rate of ten cents a pound lidl dressed 

 — we received $72, while our cost exclusive of 

 sour milk, was less than $10. If any farmer does 

 not wish to he at ihe specitil trouble of raising 

 ihem, but should have a small flock to fatten, 

 thai have lived "in spite of wind and wealher," 

 li:t him adopt our rides of laltening, tiud he 

 will " save much corn." On a large liirui, and 

 wilh a large yard and a butler dairy, with proper 

 atlenliiin we believe it may be made a leading 

 business to great profit. — PhUadelphiii Cuhinet. 



CuUivation of Fruit. 



•SoiV. — The liard gr.-ivelly soil of llie eastern 

 States, the sandy soil of New Jersey, the clay soil 

 of Pennsylvania, and the rich alluvial bottoms of 

 the west, all produce an abmulanceof the differ- 

 ent varieties of fruit when proper atleiuiou is 

 given to the trees. Mr Phiiiney, of Lexington, 

 Massachusetts, has dilched and drained one of 

 his swamps, and has now on il a luxmiant or- - 

 chard of a|ip!e-lrees. Tlie f^real point i:i In have a 

 dry soil. If it is not snfiiciently rich, make il so; 

 no man slionhl crpeH lo have jUic crops of any- 

 thing uiiluts his soil is rich. 



SeiliufT out trees. —If by exposure the roots have 

 become dry, immerse thein in water for twenty 

 or thirty hours previously to selling them out. 

 Prepare;! compost as follows: lake three bushels 

 of rich soil or three bushels of swamp mtick 

 \\ould he better, one bushel night soil, one bushel 

 fine charcoal — if charcoal is plenly, three lo 

 four busluds is to he preferred — one bushel slaked 

 lime, one bushel of unleached, or two bushels of 

 leached wood ashes, and one jieck of salt. Mix 

 the above well together. 



Dig the holes three feet across and two feet 

 deep, keeping the lop soil by itself, fill in a por- 

 tion of the bollom soil until nearly ready liir the 

 tree, then fill in half a linshel of the compost and 

 set in the tree, spreading out the roots to their 

 natural position, and fill in Ihe lop soil, gently 

 shaking the tree two or three times to selile the 

 soil around the roots. The tree shonhl hi: set 

 the same depth in the orchard, that it stood in the 

 nursery. Leave the soil a little Imilowing about 

 the tree to catch and reiain the rainv\ater. Put 

 around each tree half a peck of lino charcoal, 

 and half a peck of slaked lime. With these pre- 



