90 



<Jl)c iTarnur's illontl)li) llisitor. 



ll is olivioiis tli;it llie iniiiedii'iits nliove de- 

 sciilii'd, iis (•oiiiiKiin-iiis of'cdiii, Ilia all fssential 

 to !i lii;!l ly iiiiuilioiif; finiiii. 



Tliu •;lcri('ii ,':iiil iiiiicil.iL'e ronlain iiitro^ien — an 

 elfiiii'iii pNscMiial ll) ilif liirinalioii of filirous lis- 

 siif, iiiiisrl*-!?, iii'rviiiis Miatler, anil liraiii. 



'I'lie oil is iK'aily liMiinil (at, ea.-ily cohvertlblK 

 iiilo uiii'iial oils liy a sli;;lit cli.uigo of coiiiposi- 

 tioii. 



Slaicli is coiiwililile also into Hit, aiul into tlie 

 rarhoiiaceniis Milislam-e!- of the lioily, and duiiiig 

 itS(<lo\v coinlTn'lioii in llie circ-idaiiciii, fjives out 

 a |ioiiioii of llu: liral iil animal liodies; wliile, in 

 itfi altered slate, it f;ous to lijini a |iait of tin; liv- 

 ing' fiiiiiie. 



.Siijiar arts in n similar nianiHT. as a compound 

 of liydro^'i'ii, o.\yf;en and carlion. 



Fi-om the |lll(^<|lllatl■s, llie iiiibstance of bone, 

 anil saline maiters of lirains, nerves, and other 

 solid and fluid |i;ats of the body, are in a yreat 

 iMpasiire dirivi^l. 



The sails of ii-oi! j;o to the Iihiod, and there coil- 

 stiliile an essenlitd portion of it, whereby it is en- 

 abled, by successive alterations of its de;:ree of 

 oxidation ihiriii^r tlie circirlalion lluoufrh the 

 lungs, arteries, e.\trtine vessels, and veins, to 

 Iraiispoit o,\y;;eii to every part of the body. 



'J'bese remarks apply also to the other cereal 

 grains, and in part to le^iiiniiious seeds. 



ll is evident, then, that i;rain contains nil the 

 elements reipiiied (or ihe perfect development 

 and .«U|iport o( the bodies of animals; and that 

 even when we, consume animal food, we obtain 

 the same inf;redients, some of ubicli are present- 

 ed in a more coneeiitraled (ioin ; bill tliey were 

 all oriL'iiially derived ti'om vegelahles, and are 

 bill lillle chaiiiicd in nature in animals. 



From the niodeiii researeiies of French cliem- 

 isls, it is evident that •' flesh is prass" in a more 

 sirict sense than was formerly supposed ; Dumas 

 having' demonstrated tli:ii veiretahle fibre is of llie 

 same composition as animal fibn;; vegetable id- 

 biimeii idenlii d «iih ai;i:iiai albumen; easeiiie, ! 

 or the ba^is of cheese, of the same composition 

 as le-iiimeii ol' beans, peas, and other plants; 

 while; at llie same lime, a i%ind of cheese was 

 made (i'om beans. 



The ideiiiiiy of eompusition of vefictable and 

 animal pro,\iiiiale principles leads to some re- 

 markable conclusions ; and it is now laid down 

 by the French cbemisls, llial plants are the e.\- 

 einsive producers of the proximate principles 

 rominon to both them and animals ; and llial an- 

 imals never produce aiij of them, but only ap- 

 I'lOpriale those preiionsly ioril ed by plants. 



" Plants," sa_\s Diiiiias, "lire the orjian of re- 

 (Inction ; animals are (•r;^ans of combustion. 

 I'ege.lahks pioilnce neutral nilro^'enized matters, 

 (iit mailers, sn-.-ar, slareli, and yu'" ; ilecompose 

 pose carbonic acid i;as, absorb beat and electrici- 

 ty, nnd are appuraliis of i.-iimbuslinn." 



Tlicy have a trick of constrnclin^' sleamboals 

 of an amaziiif; li^dil draft of water, in tlie enter- 

 piisiii;; Slate of .Arkansas, as we learii from the 

 Lillle Rock Inlellivencer that the " Lucy Lonjr," 

 a boat ri centiy btiilt at that place, will run niiy- 

 v\ here lliat the ^rieind is a lillle damp. We be- 

 lieve she generally comes to anchor if there is 

 liny thing like a heavy dew. 



PnKcociois t'nii.ANTiiiioPY. — A sweet little 

 f.'irl, alioiil three years old, had heard a frreat deal 

 about the ladies " iloini; .so iiiiich," in selling tloir 

 worli and ;;i^ in}( the iii.inny to the ilifterent soci- 

 eiies. Jshe had a lieu, and (letermined to sell 

 the e;.'f:s and uive the money to the 'J'ract Socie- 

 ty, perhaps. One day, alier she bad sold her 

 iiiolber a -.'reat many e^'ns, she said, " Mother, 

 isn't my ben very happy?" "Why, my daiiL'b- 

 ter •'" said the iiiotlier. "Because she is doing 

 so much." 



Hints kor liAciiF.i.oiis.— .\tteiiiioiis to a liid\ 

 whose society is soiii:lil by a penilemaii.are jiisl- 

 ly miderslood lo tend to matrimony. If the meet 

 iii^'s are brou;.'ht about by means not originating 

 wiib bim, if lliey are imavoidable, or son;;hl and 

 occasioned by the lady herself, the kind alli.'iilioii 

 ofu ;;eiilleman may be ascribed lo mere courte- 

 sy. Hut when he takes an active and eaj;er p.ii i 

 in the matter, when be visits, writes, comts, and. 

 above all, when he adores and dies, there is ne 

 mistake : lie oiiyht eiihi r lo pop the (jneslion, or 

 " get away." — Family Herald, 



Neat Cattle. 



The Farmer's and Grazier's Complete Guide, 

 by B. Lawrence, an F.iiylisli writer, observes, 

 '.Much lias been wiilleii ;is to what breeds are 

 best ; and a considerable greater stress has been 

 laid on this part of the rpieslioii than is borne 

 out by any positive resnli ; there are good and 

 bad of all kinds ; and provided you select sound 

 and healthy animals (iom warranted slock, }ou 

 will, if you treat ibein properly, have lillle lo care 

 for and less to (ear. 



'.Always purchase cattle that have been fed on 

 lands of a poorer ipialily than your own • but you 

 must not too suddenly put them to the richer 

 food, or they will be liable to sever.d dangerous 

 diseases. It rarely happens, however, that cattle 

 purchased (iom rich lands thrive well on poor 

 soils; but, on tlie contrary, those (iom poorer 

 (arms do well on good land, 'i'he choice of 

 neat callle, lliorefore, for the stocking of (iirms, 

 iniisi, ill a great degree be regulated by the na- 

 ture and rpialily of the soil intended to I'eed tlieiii 

 on. 



'It is also esseinial that the cattle should be 

 young, as well as healihy and of a sound coiisli- 

 tutioii ; for the younger they are, the more likidy 

 they will be to do servic<". Their age may easily 

 be known by the teeth ; like sheep, tlii:y have no 

 fore teelli in the upper jaw ; it is in tlie lower, 

 therefore, by which ihisiniist lie delermined ; the 

 horns also aflord some guide in this respect. 



'The eight liire teelli of the lower jaw are 

 slied, and replaced by others which continue 

 through life: and Hvo miildle fore teeth fill out 

 r.t about t.vo years old, and are succeeded by 

 others not so white. At three years old they 

 have two more tie.M to those of the previous 

 year; and thus by the Iv\o succeeiiing years all 

 the fore teeth are renewed ; they are then termed 

 lull mouthed, and are five years old. The si.xtli 

 year the row is even, the last Uvo being complete- 

 ly lip. Besides these tiiey have ten grinders in 

 each jaw. 



' At the age of three years the horns are smooth 

 and even ; in the course of the Hjurlli year, a 

 wrinkle or circle Ibniis round the basis of ibe 

 horn near the bead ; this is every year succeeded 

 by another, which always .seems to move the oth- 

 er fbrwaril. At looking therefore at the horns of 

 neat cattle, if the first circle be considered as 

 three years, it will be an easy task to tell the age 

 of the lipiist at any siibseijueiit period. An im- 

 plicit reliance cannot, however, be placed on 

 these marks, p.-inicul.arly in purchasing of slran- 

 gers. or cow jobbers, such persons having been 

 known to file down some of the animal's teeth 

 and alter the appearance of the horns so as to 

 give them the semblance and marks of young 

 callle of the most valuable breeds, and pass tlieiii 

 off as such lo strangers.' 



Cuus/or the Dulrij. — In selecting cows for the 

 dairj. Hie follouiiig indicalious should be alleiid- 

 ed lo. Wide horns, a thin bead and neck, dew- 

 lap large, full breast, broad back, large deep bel- 

 ly; the udder capacious but not loo fleshy ; the 

 milch veins prominent, and the bag tending fiir 

 behind; teals long and large; buttocks broad 

 and fleshy : tail long, pliable, and small in pro- 

 portion to the size of the carcass, and the joinls 

 short. 



Cows should bo milked regularly inorning and 

 evening, and as nearly as may be, at the same 



llOIU'S. 



The COW which is desired to remain in perfec- 

 lion, eillicr for milking or breeding, should not 

 lie exhausted by drawing her milk too long after 

 she becomes heavy wiili ciili; It is paying too 

 dear fiir n present supply of milk. She shoiihl 

 be .siiflired lo go dry at least two inonlhs helbre 

 calving. 



The expense of keeping cows of a poor bi(>ed 

 is as great and somelimes greater than that of 

 keeping ihe best. II'coMs are poorly kept, the 

 difli reiicp ol breeds will scarcely be ilisccinible 

 iiy the pr^uhict of ilieir milk. Some hiue there- 

 fore supposed that it is the food alone uliieh 

 makes ilie odds in the tpiaiitity ami ipialily of the 

 milk. Tills snpposiiion is very erroneous, as may 

 he shown by titeding two cows of a similar age, 

 size, &c. on llie same liiod, the one of a good 

 breed (iir milk and the oilier of a ilifTereni kind, 

 and observing the diirerence in the milk pro- 

 duct. 



Cows should be Ireated with great gentleness 

 ami soothed by mild usages, esjiuciully <vbeii 



young and ticklish, or when the paps are tender 

 in which case tlie udder oiiL'hl to be fiimenteil 

 with \\arm water before milking, and loiicheil 

 wiih great geiilleness, oiberwise the cuw will be 

 in greal danger of eonliacrmg bad habits, becom- 

 ing sliibburn and unruly, and retaining her milk 

 ever alier. A cow never gives down iier milk 

 pleasantly to a person she dreads or dislikes. — 

 'J'lie udder and paps should be wa.shed with 

 warm water befiire milking, and care shoiihl be 

 laken that none of the water be admitted into the. 

 milking pail. 



'I'lie keeping of cows in siicli a manner as to 

 make them giie the greatest (piaiitity of milk, 

 and with the griatest clear profit, i.s an essential 

 point of economy. Give a cow half a bushel of 

 tiiriii|.s, carrots, or oilier good routs per day, du- 

 ring the si.x winter ii oiilh.s, besides her hay, and 

 if her Slimmer feed be sncb as it should be, she 

 will give nearly double Ihe qiiaiiiily of milk she 

 uould afford if only kept during the winter in 

 the usual inanner; and the milk will be richer 

 and of better quality. 



The keeping of cows is very profiiable. .Al- 

 lowing one to give only six quarts a day, fiir for- 

 ty weeks in each year, and ibis is not a large al- 

 lowance, her milk at two cents per quart will 

 amoiihl lo upwards of lliii ly-threi! dollars; which 

 is pioli.ibly snfliiient to purchase her and pay for 

 a year's keeping. 



' .V farmer some years since kept eigbieen cows 

 on a cdmiJioii, and was often obliiied to buy but- 

 ter for his fiiuiily. The couiinon w'as inclosed, 

 and the same person supplied bis fimiily amply 

 with milk and butter from the produce of four 

 cows well kept. 



'Great milkers seldom carry much flesli on 

 their bones, but lliey pay as lliey go and iii'Vit 

 retire in our ihdit. The difficiiliies in cow keep- 

 ing are these: the e.xpense of their food is con- 

 siderable, more especially with respect lo any 

 uhieli must be pureliascd, and if the produce be 

 iiicnnsiderable ii may be a losing concern. Yoii 

 may he feeding a sparing milker into flesh, and if 

 you stint her or allow her only ordinary food, 

 you get neither llesii nor milk.' 



Keep no more cows than you can keep well; 

 one cow well fed will produce as much milk .is 

 two iiiiiifferemly irealed, and uioio butter; and 

 if the cow be wintered badly, she will rarely re- 

 coven, during llie succeeding summer, so as lo 

 become profiiable lo the feeder. Cows sliouhl 

 by all means be lioiisi;d in extreme weallier, and 

 parlicidarly those which ;;ive milk, or a failure in 

 ihe qiiautity of milk will he experienced. Wliere- 

 fure, iiisiead of keeping tweiily cows poorly li;d 

 and but half of liieiii stabled, sell leu and give 

 the remaining ten (bod in amount equal to what 

 the tweiily originally bad; procure cuiistant sta- 

 bling liir them, anil yon will receive quite ns 

 iinicli milk and hulier in return as u;is deriveif 

 from the former mode of trealing twenty. Sweet 

 potatoes, carrots, pumpkins, and ground oals,are 

 nnipiestionably among ihe best arliclos for food 

 for niilcli cattle; and they occasimi ilie milk and 

 butter to assume a fine flavor and color, as well 

 as increiise of quantity. 



Wiidtr food for Cows. — .Mr. t'liaheil, the direc- 

 tor of the veterinary schools of Allbrt, had a 

 number of cows which yielded very great qiiaii- 

 tilics of milk. In bis |iublicatioii on the subject, 

 he observed llial cows feil in winler on dry sub- 

 stances give less milk than those which are kept 

 on a green diet, and also that their milk loses 

 much of its (pialiiV. He publisheil the following 

 receipt, by the use of which his cows atrirded 

 him an equal (piantity and ipiality of milk during 

 the winter as during the summer. Take u bush- 

 el of potatoes, break them while raw, place them 

 in a barrel sianding up, pulling in successively n 

 layer of polaloes and a layer of bran, and a small 

 qiianliiy of yeast in the middle of the mass, 

 which is lo be left thus lo ferment during a whole 

 week, ;iiid wlii'ii the vinuns taste pervaded the 

 whule mixiure, it is then given to the cov.s, who 

 eul it greedily. 



Cows which are shortly expected lo calve ought 

 lo be lodged at night ill some convenient place 

 under cover for n week or two helbre calving, : a 

 it miglil be the means of saving the lite of iho 

 call, and perhaps of the dam likewise. The day 

 and night idler u cow has calved she should be 

 kept under cover, and her drink should be luke- 

 warm. Let her not be e.xposcd fur some time to 

 iho duiii|iiie«B of the night. 



