(E\]t jTanncr's iHcintl)Ii) llisitor. 



167 



st.'ir. iiiid occa:ii(>iis ciiiiNideriilile iiud^ea. • * * 



"Tlie evil liciiij; liiiccil to iis .<(iiirci', llii^ ciilli- 

 Viilor riiiist (lin-rtall his iillt'iitiou to llic (le?lnic,- 

 liiirj ol' iIk! liiiijjus, or iiiusliiooin, for it it> ijiil'or- 

 tiiiiali.'ly l)iit tiio true that all ilu; piirasiti's ol' tliis 

 (jeiuis oiicf iiilKiiliiced iiiiii u coiiiiirv, reiiiain 

 (lieii; ami |)ro|>ai;ate. This yiar, the t;|iiil«iiiii^ 

 has hc'rii iiciicral ; ihfi };('riii rxisis uvorv where ; 

 Inilliniis ii|ioii iiiillioiis kI' ftrojia^itlcs, il' their niiiii- 

 licjs aii; not <liij]iiiishi>(l this jeai', will, next year, 

 he altaoUiiif; the plants, and then il will hu inori; 

 dltlii'idt to eradii-ati; the scoiirjre. 



" It is esscMiial to adiij)! the H>llowiM^ |irecaii- 

 lions: 



" WhiMi th(! leaves are derideilly spoilt, cut 

 down the vines rorlliwiili and hujil tlieiri oji llie 

 spilt, insteail ol' lakinj; ihern away. 



" VVlieii eertain varieties or certiiiii loralilies 

 are Tree lioin ihi; sconrf-e at ihe time of the har- 

 vest, it is always piiideiit to harn the leaves. Tor a 

 field may apfiear seeine from the liotrydis, whim 

 it is not so ; sineral leaves are altaek'*(l ; tliL-se 

 leave? throw the propai'ules on to the tiihereides, 

 whieh, if pieserved fur pmposes of reprodneti(jn, 

 will spieail the plafioe the liillovvinir year. 



'■ 11' the tiihereides (potalo('s) themselves are 

 atiaeked, it is.essenli.d lo separate as speedily as 

 iiray l)e, the liibereides that an- tainted from those 

 that are not. Turn the sound one's toarconnt as 

 soon as possihie, for they are not noxions so loji^' 

 as the rind does not lieeome yellow. Tiie dis- 

 easeil ones should he hurnt. 



" As it i.-' prohahle that the !uherc-ules pre- 

 served f >!' seed will he ird'een-d uilh the spawn 

 of the tniislnoom, it would he advis.dile for cul- 

 tivators who e.in, to prooure luhereules for rejiro- 

 duction from places where tlie pre.-ipnt seoiirf'e 

 IS mdoiown. ' 



"ill case (d' iisin;; for reproduction ilie itiher- 

 ctdes of ciops visited Ijy the plajjue this year, it 

 will he necessary lo sulmiit them, previous to 

 plautini;, to the aiiency of lime as il is practiced 

 with wheat, ami all plants that iire lialile to in- 

 vasion hy parasilical hollies. The process ought 

 lo he by the imineisioii of the tiihercnles in lime- 

 water. 25 Uilo^'rainmes (50 pounds) of lime, a 

 • piarler of a poimd of sulphate of co|iper, and 3 

 l\ilo;;rammes (G pounds) of marine salt, I'm- 25 

 litres (fpiarts) ot' water, consliHite a prejiaratioii, 

 the utility of which in the destruclioii of parasife 

 vej;elation, has heen e,vperieijced liy a great niim- 

 l;er of well informed culiivators. 



" In the plantations of the spring of I84G, it is 

 esseiiiial to plant potatoes in fields as far as |ios- 

 (iihle removed from ihosi; actually infected ihis 

 year, to avoiil the danfrer from the retention in 

 the soil ot the spawn of the l'un;;iis. » * » 



"The use of lime and marine salt, with a 

 sli'.dit mixuire of sulphate of copper, is, as I have 

 alredy said, oi' acknowledged etiicacy in ihi^ de- 

 siriii'tioii of parasite fierins. Consequenily, to 

 powder nver wild such a mixture, a soil in vihich 

 tliseased po:atoes have yrown, is a ;iood opt-r: - 

 lion for destroyiiij; in thai land the {jeriiis ol' the 

 scomire. 'I'he operation ought lo be slronj;ly re- 

 commended every where. 



" The sloi inj! of potatoes from fiehls that have 

 been this ye»r attacked hy the scouifie, in cidlars, 

 eaves, &e., w ill certainly be to deposit the spawn 

 of the innshrooin in those very places. They 

 should, therid'ore, before receivin;; the pf»latoes, 

 be ihoroui^hly cleaned, and scoured with lime, 

 or i;roimd charcoal, scattered over the bottom, 

 [and on the pniatoe.<! as they are stored,] will 

 eniirliiile Ilie series of operations, the most ra- 

 tional ami I he most certain for destroy infr, if pos- 

 sible, \\te evW at its root. 



C. H. MOIU'vEN. 

 Mtmber of the Royal Acndemy of Sciencts, ^c. 



Liege, August 14, 1845." 



from the AUnay (,'ultivatiir. 

 Fatteiiins Animals. 



'I'lieri! are some rides which may be advanta- 

 geously adopted in feeding animal.-:, which how- 

 ever obvious they may be, are loo often passed 

 over or neglected. Some of these will be speci- 

 fied ; and 



1st. The Preparation of Foo(/.— This should be 

 so prepared that its nutritive properties inav be 

 nil made available to the use of llie animal, and 

 not only so, but apjiropriate.l wiih the least pos- 

 sible expenditure of muscular energy. The ox 

 that is obliged to wander over an acre to get the 

 fo«d he should tind on two or three square rods ; 



the horse that is two or tlireo hours eating the 

 coarse food he should sw.dlow in fifteen minutes 

 if the grain was grmiiid or the hay cut as it should 

 be; the sheep that spends boms making its way 

 into a turnip, when if it was sliced, it could be 

 eatiui in a^ many minutes; the pig that eats r.avv 

 potaloes or whole corn, w hen either cooked could 

 be eaten in one ipiarrer of the time, may fatten, 

 but much less rapidly than if their food was giv- 

 en lo llieiii in a proper manner. All food should 

 be given to a liiltening animal in such a rtnte, 

 that as liiile time and labor as possible, on the 

 ((art of the animal, shall be reipiired in ealiiig. 



2. Tlie Food should hr in Ahund'inc'^. — From the 

 lime the liiltening process commences, until the 

 animal is slaughtered, he should never be without 

 lood. Healt)i and appetite are best promoted by 

 change of food, rallier than by liiiiiiing the quan- 

 tity. The animal thai is stidVed and starved al- 

 ternately, may have streaked meat, but it will be 

 made loo slowly for llie profit of the owner. 



.'i. The Foodshonid he iflvcit re^idarty. — This is 

 one of the most essenlial p<>inls in feeding ani- 

 mals. If given irregularly, ihe aiiiiiial indeed 

 consumes his food, but he soon acquires a rest- 

 less disposition, is distmbed at every ap|)earance 

 of his feeder, and is never in that quiet slate so 

 necessary lo the takiiiii on of flit. It is surprising 

 how readily any animal acquires habits of reyii- 

 larily in feeding, and how soon the infiiienee of 

 this is felt in the improvement of hisconstilution. 

 When at the regular hour the pig has bad its 

 pudding, or the shee)) iis turnips, ihey compose 

 themselves to rest, w ith the consoioiisiiess that 

 llieir digestion is not to be unseasonably disturb- 

 ed, or their ([iiiel broken by unwanted invitation 

 to eat. 



All creatures fatten much faster in the dark 

 ihaii in the light; a fact only to be acconnled (ijr 

 by llieir great quiet. Some ol those crealiires 

 iliat are the ninst irritable and impatient of re- 

 straint while fi'eding, such as turkeys and geese, 

 are found to take on fat rapidly when coiiiined 

 in dark rooms and fed at .stated boms by liand. 

 There is no surer proof that a pig is doing well, 

 than to see him eat his meals qnieily and then re- 

 tire to his bed, to sleep or cognate imlil the hour 

 of feeding retiii ns! 



Frost in Valleys. — It is familiar to many 

 ihat night liosts under a clear sky, are ino?t se- 

 vere in slieltired valley.--, and lightest on exposed 

 hills, where the difference in altitude is not so 

 great as much lo affect the temperature from the 

 natural decrease which always takes place as we 

 ascend from the surface of llie earth. The ten- 

 dency of the cold air to sink into hollows, or to 

 become cooled more rapidly by radialion, with- 

 out the counteracruig iufjinnce whiidi air in mo- 

 lion always exerts, was finely exhibiled by the 

 severe host which occurred at the comnivnce- 

 inent of the present siimmer. A number of thrif- 

 ty young hickories, about fifty leet high, .•^tood in 

 a de|iression which was about twenty feet deep. 

 The young shoots had grown a li;w inches, and 

 being fresh and succulent, were very easily touch- 

 eif by frost, .■\ceordiiigly, after that cold night, 

 about one half llie young leaves on the tree, oc- 

 cupying the lower half, were completely killed 

 and hail turned black ; while the upper part <if 

 the iree.s, whicli reached above the valleys, re- 

 mained as fiesh and green as ever. Dr. Kirllaiid, 

 of Cleveland, mentions an experiment in Elliott's 

 ">Iai;azine, where the lliermometer situated in a 

 vallev, sunk liming a I'rosty night, down to 27 de- 

 grees, while on a neigliboring hill, only (jO feet 

 bi'.dier, there was no frost whatever, tlie ther- 

 mometer scari-ely sinking to 'S'2 de|^ree.«. 



Such liicis may remind those who are about 

 selling nut tender fruit trees, as peaches, necta- 

 rines, and aiiricots, that exposed hills, if not great- 

 ly elevated, are much heller than warm valleys, 

 where the frost is not only more intense, but the 

 increased temperature in summer lends to pro- 

 mote a more rapid and succulent growlh, which 

 is less capable of wiihslaiiding the severity of 

 winter. — JS/'eaPs Gazelle. 



China and the Chinese. 



The following excellent abstract of a lecture 

 on this subject is taken from the Newburyport 

 Herald : 



"The introductory lecture Ijefore the lyceum, 

 on Friday evening, by Hon. Caleb Cushing, was 

 of .111 exceedingly interesting cimracter, well 



worth the price of a ticket for the whole course 

 of fectiires, to every liearcr. Mr. C. has a niiicli 

 better opinion of the intelligence and capacity 

 of the Chinese, than those who have had no op- 

 porlunily of interi-ourse with that people have 

 been wont to entertain. A large class of llie 

 people are learned ; as a nation they are indus- 

 trious and ingenious lieyond others, the whole 

 country is like u bee-hive. Learning has the fir«t 

 place in the public estimation, and books are lui- 

 uieroiis as in Kiirope. A catalofrue which Mr. 

 dishing had in his possession of a single libinry, 

 oecMipies ten vihimes. Public measures are de- 

 bated by tlie populace ns much as in the United 

 Slates, and public opinion iras as much influence 

 in China on ihe government as with us. The fa- 

 tal error of the Chinese lias been in giving loo 

 epicurean a cliaracier lo their habits and their 

 governnieiit. One illustration of this cited, was 

 the fact that at the close of all lellers lo one uli- 

 <illier, the wrilleii salnlalion is, 'I wish you tran- 

 quility and promolion.' They lack only inilitarv 

 skill and disci|iliiie to make lliem a powerfid na- 

 tion, capable of repelling invasion, or of over- 

 running contigiious countries; fiir no men are 

 braver, or die more fearlessly in the ranks. From 

 the tone of IMr. C'ushing's remarks, we should in- 

 fer that he supposed they woiiid attain this mili- 

 tary skill ami disei|iliiie. Mr. V. remarked, that 

 ihe fate of the Chinese would be a warning to 

 those Utopian dreamers among us, who would 

 devote all intellectual and physical effort to the 

 arts of peace, to llie exiinction of that martial 

 spirit without whicli indepeiideiice can never be 

 maiolained. 



" Cliina does not need any foreiCTu trade. With- 

 in her own territory she produces every thing re- 

 quisite for the wants of her |)Opnlalion. The im- 

 ]ierial commissioner repeatedly assured Mr. C. 

 that this (Niiijinerce from the outset had been lit- 

 erally forced upon tliein by ihe English and 

 -■Americans, adversely to the interests and the 

 wishes of the Chinese government and people. 



"Newspapers, as well as books, alioimd and cir- 

 cidute freely among the Chinese, and the Pekin 

 Gazette, particularly, penelrates to every part of 

 the empire. They annually publish a Red Hook, 

 similar to our Blue Book, giving the names and 

 emokitnents of all public ofiiceis. 



" III regard lo the population of China, Mr. 

 dishing seems to bo of opinion that the Chinese 

 census does not overrate llie number, and that the 

 three hundred and fifty millions which they claim 

 is not far from the true number. Tlie land and 

 Ihe water of a country, as large as Europe, teems 

 with swarming masses, living alike in boats on 

 the rivers and in houses. In the southern part 

 of the country, two crops a year are produced, 

 and Ihe poorer classes subsist on a little rice, and 

 the flesh of dogs, cats, rats, &c. To the cilies 

 and towns, there are no carriage ways ; the streets 

 are only narrow foot-paths, and no horses or oth- 

 er beasis of burden are kept to require large ran- 

 ges of pasiiirage. The population is crowded 

 into the narrowest limits, by a long succession of 

 ages of peai-e and industry. The coinpeiisation 

 asked by the servaiils, which .Mr. C, in his char- 

 airier of American ambassador, employed, was 

 onlyyii'e dollars it month, and out of this they found 

 their own fiiod and clothing. 



"The Ciiincse have long been acquainled with 

 all ihe improvemenis in the urls, upon which Eu- 

 ropeans pride themselves as the inventors, with 

 the exception only of the steam-engine. Ma- 

 chinery has not been introduced among them, 

 because of llie effects it would produce among 

 such a crowded population, by throwing immense 

 ninnbers of handicraftsineii out of employment. 

 Hence the success wilti which English and Ame- 

 rican mauuliictures are sold there, iiotu iihsiand- 

 ing the cheapness of Chinese labor. Mr. C. in- 

 timated llie possibility that the introduction of 

 these foreign mauuliictures in the country, might, 

 at some fiitnre da_\ , produce the same change in 

 China which the iniiddiiciion of machinery 

 would; and, by throwing out of employment 

 great numbers of workmen, cause a revolution in 

 the counlry. He expresses n belief, however, 

 that our commerce with China was suscejitible 

 of much increase; that there was now no great 

 maraiime power engaged in navigating the Pa- 

 cific; but that the United States were destined to 

 have an immense commerce upon that vast ocean, 

 and to be the great controlling power up'on il. — 

 Of course, we stip[)08e, he looks not only for the 



