■u p atmaBMfai r ua. '< j; .^j p igi -^^jgs 



174 



®l)c -farmer's iHoiitl)lij bisitor. 



lllill S|<0|, tliefrrOUIIU 



.hhmI." ii i.s Kliuiige 



uiifli Uiv |)Hiiig;i riiiisaliMi 

 ,I|I11S U\> iMiiisl i:. li rlt).-b-^ 

 lli;il lie iievi r look lln! Iiinl. 



A fiininT jii'is H .■*|il»- <li-i i'io|j 1)1 I'lHii orolhci- 

 frniiri IVoiM off !i iii-ass w clover lev. D.-es he 

 \n\iv li.tt hint ? Does h<! Mil.>|il Ihe sjf^ti'ni which 



!^l surh !i swiiid to 



h>! Mil 



^hall iillovv him every jK.ir j 



pill his ■iniiii on ? 



? No", hi; liJiIes hooU-liiniiiiijr, 



iukI >ci(Milifio tiiriiiiiiL', "i"! "Ihis 

 lion ;"' .Mini 'y>iis on llie old way 



noinni- ol roiii- 

 —Inrlicinn Fur. 



and Gitrd. 



Prodiiclioii of lion. 



N,:vvlinnpoil llrr.ihl we cxlriict the. 



Fnnn ih 

 folkmiiiL': — „ . 



■i-he in-oihietion ol' Iimi in this <-onnl.-y for the 

 M-iir J844 «as 48(i,000 u.n^, noi inurh, il nny le^s 

 "ihan Olio Ihir.l of lln; iiin.iilily nnule in Ln.i;lMn.l. 

 ][ i< coinnnlea ih^t :n-rordin- to the |,resen( rate 

 of inn-ease, ii. three \eais onr animal |iroilnctloii 

 Mill .'o up to 1,U00,0{J0 ions. _ 



Manv iiriproveiuents have been made in the 

 niannlaelure of this mln-le. A hun.lied years 

 j.nn charcoal was sni.p"''«'l '" ''« "l>*"l;'|«'.V ne- 

 cessary to the nnunilKctiire, and the hiasi was 

 given hy a leather hellows. This iModiiced an 

 iinnipr"- consuinplion of wood. 



Ill i; i a new stiirinhis was S'ven lo the man- 

 i.facture, hy the discovery that iron could he 

 iiiHde with l.inmiinons coal, and tne hiast was 

 ^iveii l)v a cvliniler worked with pistons instead 

 of a heilo«s. This more than douhled the pro- 

 duct iminediatelv. 



Kroni that time to t!ie present many iinprove- 

 nif Ills have In en oia.e, one of the most impor- 

 tant of whirl, W..S at Glasgow in iS'^t^, the inlro- 

 dnclion of tlie hot hias!, hy which means the 

 fjnantitv of coal was reduced from eighty tons to 

 one of "pii; iron, to ahonl two and a ipiarler tons. 

 'J'liis iiroducpd a M)Uer and more malleahle iron. 

 The day is not far distant when onr ships will 

 load with iron at I'liiladelpliia, New Orleans, 

 B,.llinH>i-e, and perhaps other port.s, lor foreiuji 

 countries. There is no limit to nscs to which 

 cheap iron mfiy ha apjilied.and the United States 

 from the larye ipiaiitilics I'f irmi ami coal itcon- 

 tains, its rivers and canals and railways, iiiiist af- 

 ter snificienl experience has heen ohlatned, he 

 ahle to produce every descriplion e,\cept char- 

 coal iron, lower than any other nation. 



Tlie New Vork 'I'roe Sun has a lii.storical 

 sketch of the proj;re s of the inaimfacliire in Ihe 

 United Status from which we taUe the followiiij; 

 statistics. 



Ill 1839, iMi-. Lynmii tlrst melied iron hy 

 .■mthraeite coal at I'otlsville, Pa. In IS-tO, Messr.s. 

 hiddle, Chamller & Co., at Danville, P.i., and 

 Messrs. Reeves & VVhilaker, at Plielii.xville, Pa., 

 sidis'itiited anthraeile coal lor cli ri!oal ; and an- 

 thracite i.s now very ^'enerally used. The pro- 

 {.'i-i'.ss of iron niakiii:,' in the Uniied States and in 

 iCil^dand under the.e circnaislaiiees has heen as 

 follows: 



V. Stal.'S 

 |irodni'l of 

 piir iron. 

 '.'i.3,!>08 

 liil .Viil 

 :il7,7U0 

 4S(I,(J()(J 

 ill!! iiiMst siii-pi isiiii discoveries in re- 

 llie m-iiiiiiuciiire of iron lie.s hut lately 

 taki-n place, anil is not yet inlrodiieed into the 

 Uniied States. Ihe yreat ddiieully which' the 

 iron master has to contend w iih is the e.vtirpa- 

 tion of the carhon conuiiiMil in the cast ineial. 

 Electricity li,':s now heen applied snccessl'nily to 

 this III iiler,- on ilie prineii'le that wlieii a snli- 

 staiice is exposi'd lo an electric cinrelil, iis nci;- 

 iilive and positive finalities liei^ome separated, 

 h'oii itself is posilive. The elements allaelied 

 III it ill a crude state, as carhon, sulphur, &c. are 

 lie;;ative. Hence when the metal is in a fuzed 

 .stale, the ap^iliealioii of a stream of electrieiiy at 

 oiiee drives olf lliese impurities v\illiiiiit the ne- 

 eessiiy of re-heatjii};, and liars of the pmusl 

 metal are at once ohlained. A s.'iviri;; of ."Jfr to 

 §10 per Km is lliiis ciiiM-nd. Thifi \^ deslined 

 ji'.'ain lo jrive a new impulse to the tr.ide, which 

 has liiilierto lieen in it.s iiihiney in this coimtiy, 

 ;md the waitt of I'n'ile and cheap means'of cmii- 

 jniiiiication hel A'eeii the iiiine and ihe iLaikeir. 



to buy food tor the Irish abroad, in anticipation 

 of the tiiiiiine that may ensue in consequence of 

 ihe failure of the potato crop, &.C., in Ireland. 

 The E.\press, noiicinj,' iht' |iidjeei, says — "that 

 llie parkei shiji I'atiiek llemy is now discluir;;- 

 iii^ one llionsaiid bushels of potatoes which cost 

 in Liverpool one shilling and nine pence a bush- 

 el, or lliiriy-ei";hl cents. This is three pence 

 less ihtm the same article cost at that port last 

 year, and less than one half the price that po- 

 tatoes brill;; in this iiiaiUet. Accordiiif; to this, 

 then, we are inindi more in il.in^er of stai vin;; 

 for want of potatoes than onr Irish friends just 

 novv." 



1810 

 18^0 

 1840 

 1844 

 One of 

 latioii to 



Kii-li>li 



proilnel of 



pi^' iron. 



'-J.j8,'50« 



. (»8:4I7 



].-J48,78I 



I,578,2(i0 



Important to Farmers— Contiuued Rise iii 

 Breadstiifl's. 



The steamer IJrilannia arrived at Boston on 

 the ;:2lst ult. hiinyinj; Liverpool dates to the 4th. 

 15v her we learn, that a ^n.'al dejiree of excile- 

 inent e.\iste<l in consequence of an apprehended 

 scarcity of food, caused by the almost ^'eneral 

 liiilnre of the Potato crop tlnon;;hont Europe, 

 and the shortness of the ^'rain crop. That this 

 is not merely ii speculation, is shown by the fict. 

 that some of the Governments on the conlinent 

 have already announced the opening' of their 

 ports with a mere nominal duty, and the Eii<;li.sli 

 papers conciii in stating that IriMpieiit Coimcils 

 of the Uabinel have heen held, lo deliberate up- 

 on the necessity of openiiiu ihe Hritisb ports for 

 the admission of lbreii;n ;;iaiii ; and it was ;;eu- 

 erally believed that an mder in council would be 

 speedily issued to that effect — but the London 

 corres[)oiideiit of the Boston Mas, who is jjeii- 

 erally well inliirmed on political maiters, writes 

 under date of the 3d instant, as Ibllows: 



" It is confidently stated in two or three jour- 

 nals that al the meeting on Friday it was deter- 

 mined to open the ports for the admission of all 

 foreign grain, for the next three months, ihity 



paid lo i.'ie smoking. The great difficulty in 

 smoking liaiii.« lies in their not being kept free 

 from all inoistiire while in the smoke-house. 

 Eight time.4 out of ten, if hams are examined at 

 ilie time, they will be (onrid to be wet with con- 

 densed vapor, sometimes to such a degree as to 

 have it drop copiously from them; and when 

 such is the case, the ham acquires :i bad taste, iim 

 if it bad been di[)ped in pyrolignoiis acirl, ,ind is 

 niifit for eating. The cause of this is lo be 

 sought in the fact that the smoke-house is gen- 

 erally ton low, hringing the meat too near tliu 

 (ir-, anil tliat there is no vent for the steam-like 

 v.ipor in the upper part of the bnilding, by 

 which it can escape, and thus its condensation 

 on \hi: hams he (.'levented. 'J'he celebrated 

 W'eslphalia hams are smoked in the upper cbain- 

 bi'rs of i'dwr story buildings and \)\i: fires that 

 sufiplv the smoke are kept in the cellars. The 

 vapor i,s condensed in t'le pass, and the liamsare 

 always cool and dry. Healing hams in smoking 

 them is clearly injiirions, and should be avoided 

 as well as all moisture. Proper atleiilioii to these 

 points will insure a good article, where the 

 preliminary steps of jiickling have been well 

 conducted. 



The ru- 

 tltere- 



essKUl in the 

 speculation in 



Irf.i-aM) — Potato Crop. — It is proposed hy 

 xmiie of the papers in Ne'w York to raise money 



lor no oflicial 

 announcement has yet been made, and none can 

 be made in lime to reach the Uiiiied Kiaies by 

 the Britannia, unless that steamer should he de- 

 tained. The simple liu'ts upon whirn a dozen 

 rumors have been founded may be briefly stated. 

 Alihongh Ihe Cabinet Council may have Come to 

 ihe determination lo recommend the Queen to 

 hold a Privi) Council for that object, it Im well 

 known that it is not in the pov\er of a Cabinet 

 Council to aflopt any such inea>^ure. 

 mors of Ihe press and in i\Iark Lane are 

 lore, without the slightest value." 



The excitement iind panic produced by llii 

 slate of ihiiiL's, has caused a depi 

 Cotton market. The m.uda for 

 rail-w;iy shares, absorhin!r immense amounts of 

 capital, had also had a deleterious efiVct 

 trade; hut a re-action was about taking place m 

 rciiard lo this extraordinary movement, by the 

 infjiience of the 'Times" newspaper, and fitars 

 are now enterlained that a terrible convulsion 

 will he ihe conseipienee in the iiiiniey market in 

 Eiiglaiid, \vhich will very pr(diahly ati'.ct lliul ol 

 the United States. 



The iiiKdligeiice 'w this arrival has bad the ef- 

 fect of r.ii'-iuj: the price of Flour and Grain in 

 the several markets on the seji board as will be 

 seen by our pi ices current. A cargo of 3000 

 blibi. Flour "MS shipped frmii this port last >veek 

 for Liverpool. 



We have no doubt ihal the prices now being 

 obtained, will bo likely to he inaiiitaiued, if not 

 cousiiierahly increased. Corn has had qjiite a 

 jump, and all other ariicles which can be used 

 as food for iiiiin or beast, will obtain now, what 

 has not been the case for years, a reinuneratilig 

 price lo the farmers of our country. 



The Times of the 3d ult. contains the report 

 of the Coniuiis>ioiiers appointcMl hy the Govern- 

 ineiit to ijivestigate the iictiud condiiioii of the 

 potato crop. They slate that tlle^)e,st use to be 

 made cd' the diseased potatoes is the exlractioli 

 of sliircli I'rmii them, and ex|iress the opinion tlnit 

 slarcli, by being mixed with oal-inealf may be 

 converteil into an exeellelil and eeononiical aili- 

 cle of Hi.od. They recommend the preparation 

 of eslablislnneuls !cu' its maniiliictnre, add also 

 the eiiclioii of kilns lo (lr,\' li.e potatoes, as in 

 lb;d w;iy they may be preserved for a iniicli long- 

 er ti.ii ■. -,'l:iL-ri':.iii (D.iltimort) ]'\;rtncr. 



Smoking Hams. — The best pickles in the world 

 will not ninke good linms, uide?s proper cure i( 



Cause of the Potato Rot. 



E. G. Buxton, in the Maine Farn;er, states an 

 experiiii(;iil which he made in growing some po- 

 taloes ill the cellar, ill a dark place, and they 

 were affected with rot, like those raised in the 

 Held. From this he infers that thedise.ase is not 

 caused hy rust, heat, cnltiug- the seed, &c., hut 

 that the c.iiise is in the potato. Some person 

 coiiimeiiling on this attributes the cause lo dis- 

 ease in iIh- previous crop, which was not per- 

 ceptible, and was trausniitled lo the new pro- 

 duce. 



We do not believe in eiilier of these causes. — 

 We do not think the potato is running out, or 

 generally decliuiug, and will iinally become ex- 

 tiiiet, as is said to he the case wiili some species 

 of animals and ve;;etali|es. which is the view, as 

 we suppose, iliMl Mr. Biixion lakesof the subject. 

 And tliou;,:li iho disease mav in some cases I.e 

 tr.uisinineil by planting infected scimI, this is not 

 Ihe general cause: ihv on this piineiple how did 

 it originate, and why does it prevail lo a va.^t ex- 

 tent Ihis year where it was unknown before.' 



Then what is the cause? is ;i question that 

 will naliirally be suggested in the minds of onr 

 readers. \\v expressed onr opinion when this 

 siibjeit was first agiialed, and the hundreds of 

 caiifcs assiirned, and the numerous arguments 

 ollered in favor of one supposed cause .ind an- 

 other, has only temled to confirm us in onro[!in- 

 ioii, which is that the disease is caiiseil by .-m 

 lOon i uvifavnrfihle (ilniofi/ilieric influence. This is rather 



' 1 1 . 1 1 .1 Ii 1 1 1 1 ji liiir w'li it'iiiilil i-<i 1 1 1 M 



iiiiieliuite. but we would raiiier heindjinildijcor- 

 rent than c/ejinilelij (croiig. 



Now, as no cellar is air tight, and probably no 

 cellar is kept shut during the w hole year, the 

 same air lliat generally prevails around a cellar, 

 must in some measure pervade: it. Our object 

 now is not lo defend the posilion wo have taken ; 

 we hav<! bclbre giviui some reasons for it, ami 

 we may give u ore .at another lime, lint wi; wish 

 lo show that the causes above a.ssiyiied, are not 

 correct, and that the case nameil does not in the 

 least militali! against llie view wlijeli we have 

 taken, and liequeiilLy expressed. — lioslon Culli- 

 talor. 



Kroiii Cnlaion's tluropc.in .Agriculture. 

 Coveiit Garden .llarket. 



The great iiiai kel in i'.nul.ind for vegetables, 

 fiiiils and llowers, is the market in Coi'fjit Garden, 

 without queslioii n corrnplion for Com'en/, as this 

 place is nnderstuod lo have been formerly the 

 garden (d' the convent, and connected vviili Ihe 



eslahlishment of W'eslininsler Abbey 

 square included in the riiarket-plac 



liie whole 

 is said to 

 embrace live acres; but ihi.s, I lliiuk, must lake 

 in the biiildiui'S, ilwclliuL'-lionses, hot< l-S shops, 

 &,c.. tbrming ibeextejior lionndiuy of the square. 

 Ill the centre of ihis square is the market-house, 

 (•I' which, no verb.il di.'scripliiui can convey a very 

 exact idea to ihe reader. It Ciunbiiies open stalls 

 and close shop.", sellers within and on llio out- 

 sides, with a long hall or arcade, riinniiigjhroii^di 

 ihe centic, sixteen bet in width, ai.il IiiI'mI up 

 with shops lui each sidi', and with sbebi's pro- 

 jecting into the passage, which are spread 

 with 



out 



the frnitri and flowers of the season. 



