armors 



tsit^r. 



CONDUCTED RY ISAAC HIU,. 



'Those who l»i.oii is the earth auk tup. cko.ex i-torLU of Uou, »vho»e breasts he has mace hij peokmak DtruMit por »lust« 



<TIAL AND QRNUI.N'; VIRVUk.'' Uffcrson. 



V OLUME VI! 



CONCORD, N. H., DECEMBER 31, 1845. 



NUMBER 12. 



THE FARMER'S MONTHLY VISITOK, 



ri'Bl.lSHKU BY 



ISAAC HILL, & SONS, 



ISSUED ON THK LAST DAV OF EVERY MONTH, 



At Athenian liuilclins:. 



SK'.r"nE.ir.RAi, A.iENTj.— B. C.iuk, ICteiii-, N H. ; Thomas 

 li. llAMpros, VViiiljineton (;it.v, 1). C. ; Joh.i Marsh, Wash- 

 in irltui St. nuKloii, aiass. ; CHARr.ES Warren, liriiili-v Row, 

 \\ urccslt-r, .Ma.-s. 



TKRMS. — To single siibscrilji-ra, Fijtn Cents. Ten per 

 ci'ni. will be allowed to the person who shall send moio than 

 one subscriber. Twelve copies will lie si nt for 111.- Rilv.ince 

 imymrntoC Fire Dollars; Iwenly-tive copies for Ten Dullars; 

 yi.\ty copies for Ticcnti/ Dollars. The payment in every case to 

 be iniuhi in advance. 



{JCr-^^eutey attd .■i\dtscrlptii>ns, by a regulation of the Po.H MtLster 

 General, may i/i all cases lie reiaiUejl hyj the Post Master, free or 

 postaoc. 



53-,\U jenllenien who have heretofore acted as Agents ate 

 requested to continue their .\sency. Old subscril/ers who 

 come under the now terms, will please notify ns of the names 

 already on our books. 



iiiciuasiiig tlie s|icci(io 



mm^ yjsmw^ 



From Judge Buel's Farmer's Companion. 

 A Glossary of Chemical terms used in Agri- 

 culture, Arc. 



.^.mrpiion, (lie .•onver.sioii (if a gaseous fluiil into 



a iKiiiid or solid. 

 .Iceiale, srilt fbrined hy the conibinntion of any 



liaso Willi ilie arciic acid. 

 ^cettile of Lead, su^'ar of lead. 

 Jlccttc Jicid, coni'eiiiratod vinefjar. 

 Anils, coiii[H)Uiids of bases witli oxygen, jiydro- 



gen, &c. 

 JElher, a volatile lirjiiid, foiniud of alcnliol and 



an acid. 

 AJinili/, a fiM-oe l.y which siihstaiices of diffrrent 



kind.s iinilc. 

 _ Jllkali {fossil, Of minern!,) soda. 

 Jillnili {vegelnhle,) potash. 

 Alkarti [votalile,) airirnonia. 

 Alcohol, rectified spirits of wine. 

 Alluvial, depositions of soil maile by water. 

 Alum,n coiiii)OiMid of snipliuric acid, aliimine, 



and polasli, or aninionia. 

 Alumine, earth of ahiiii ; pnre argillaceous clay. 

 Anthracite, iiiineral coal containg no bitiiineii. 

 Arcnmcler, a grailuated ghiLss iiistriimeiit with a 



bulb, by wbicli the specific gravity of liquids 



is talien ; an hydrometer. 

 Argillaceous, of the nature of clay. . 

 Aromii, the odor which arises froi'ii certain vce- 



lalilcs, or their infusions. 

 Azote, nitrogen; tlie basis of atmospheric air, of 



aiiunouia, nitrous acid, &c. 

 Barometer, an instrument which shows the vari- 

 ation of atinos|)lieric pressure. 

 lieti metal, an alloy of tin and copper. 

 Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc. 

 Calcareous, partaking of the nature of lime. 

 Caloric, the chemical term for the matter of heat. 

 Caloric {free,) railiant heat, or thai which is not 



ill chemical union with othor bodies. 

 Caloric {latent,) the matter of heat in a state of 



combination ; not perceptible. 

 Carbon, the base of a diamond and of charcoal. 

 Carbonate of lime, Ibe compound of carbonic acid" 



and lime, under the name of marble, limestone 



calcareous spar, dial!;. Sec. ' 



Carbonate of potash, common potasli ; pearla^h • 



salt of tartar. ' 



Carbonic acid, carbon combined with oxygen. 

 Chalybeate, the term applied to mineral waters 



impregnaled with iron. 

 Citric acid, the acid of lemons. 

 Cohe.no7i, a force inherent in all the particles of 



bodies, by which they are prevented from fall- 

 ing to pieces. 



Concentration, the act 



gravity of bodies. 

 Decomposition, scjiaratioii of the constiluont prin- 

 ciples ol' (;ompouiid bodies. 

 Kfferrescence,un intense motion which takes phice 

 in certain bodies caused by the esca|)e of a 

 gaseous substance. 

 Efflnirscence, the pulveriiliMit form of saline bodies 

 piiiiliiccd by e.xposiirc to the air, in conse- 

 ((ueuce of losing their water of cryst.alization. 

 Elements, are, properly, the simple constituent 

 l)arts of bodies, incapable of decom|)Osition, 

 or furtbei' division. 

 Essences, the essential oils obtained by tlislilln- 



tion from odoriferous vegetable substances. 

 Evaporation, dissipation of fluids by heat; evap- 

 orating fluids, into ya[ior by heat! 

 Fermentation, a peculiar spontaneous motion, 

 which occurs in vegetable substances, il" ex- 

 posed to proper temperature, under certain cir- 

 cumstances. It is usually divided into the 

 acetous, vinous, saccharine, and j)utrefuctive 

 stages. 

 Fhdditii, H term applied to all liquid substances. 

 Solids are converted into fluids by combining 

 with a certain portion of caloric. 

 Gallic acid, the acid found in gall-nuts. 

 Gas. .411 solid substances, when converted into 

 permanently elastic fluids by caloric, are called 

 gases. 

 Gelatin, a chemicid term for animal geliy. 

 Gluten, a vegetable substance allied to gelatin. 

 Gravilij, that property by which bodies fail to the 



earth. 

 Gravili), {specific,] is the wei'.dit of any solid or 

 fluid body, compared with the same measure of 

 distilled water. 

 HjjJrales. Those substances which have formed 

 so intiinati; an union wilh water as to solidify 

 the water, and render it one of its component 

 parts, are called hydrates. 

 Hi/drate of Lime, lime sl-cked in water. 

 Hi/drogen, the base of water; inflammable air. 

 Hydromcler, see Areometer. 

 Incineration. I he converting of vegetables to ashes, 



liy burning. 

 Laboratory, ;i room fitted up with apparatus for 



the perli)rmance of chemical operations. 

 Lime, quicklime; calcareous earth; oxide of 



calcium. 

 Lute, a composition for closing the junctures of 



chemical vessels, &c, 

 .laceration, suftening a solid boily in a fluid, with- 

 out im|)regualing the fluid with it. 

 Malic acid, acid of apples. 



Malleabilili/, that property of metals which gives 

 them the quality of being extended and flat- 

 tened by hammering. 

 Menstruum, the fluid in which n so/tV body is dis- 

 solved. 

 Mineral, any natural substance of a irietallic, 



earthy, or s.-dine nature. 

 Mordants, substances whicit have a chemical 



aflinity for particular colours, as alum. 

 Mucilage, a vegetable principle allied to gum. 

 Muriates, salts formed by the combination of any 



base with muriatic acid. 

 Muriatic acid, spirit of sea salt. 

 Muriate of soda, common salt. 

 JVilrale of potash, salpetre, nitre. 

 JVitrates, salts formed by the combination of any 



base with nitric acid. 

 .Yeutral salt, a substance formed by the union of 

 an acid with an idkali, an earth, or a inetalic 

 oxide, in such prodorlions as to saturate both 

 the base and the acid. 

 Oxalic acid, the acid founi] in sorrel. 

 Oxide, any substance combined with oxygen, in a 

 jjioportion not sufficient to produce acidity ; 

 rust of metals. 

 Oxidize, to combine oxygen with a body without 



producing acidity. 

 Oii/gen, a simple substance, being one of the 



component parts of ualojand aliiiosplrrric tiii ; 



vilal air. 

 0,iv//ce(i g-ns, o.xygen converli.-il into gas by coui- 



bining with caloric. 

 Pellicle, a thin skin which forms on the surficc; 



of salint^ and oilier llquliU, when boiled down 



to a certain strenjjth. 

 Pyrolignic acid, an acid obtained from wood by 



burning. 

 Sal, a salt. 

 Saturation, the act of impregnating a fluid with 



another substance, till no more of it can be 



received or imbibed. 

 Silicious earths, natural substances which are com- 

 posed chiefly of silica ; as quartz, flint, sand, 



&c. 

 Simple substances, synoymous with elements; not 



divisible. 

 Smelting, the operation of fusing ores, to separ- 

 ate the metal from tlie sulphur, arsenic, and 



other matters with which it is combined. 

 Solution, the perfiict union of a .solid substancu 



with a fluid. 

 Sulphates, Sulphals, Sulphites, salts formed by the 



combination of any base with sul|)huric acid. 

 Sulphate of copper, blue viiriol ; blue stone. 

 Sulphate of iron, copperas ; green vitriol. 

 Sulphate of lime, gypsum. 

 Sulphate of soda, Glauber's sails. 

 Siilphate of zinc, white vitrol. 

 Sulphale of potash, u chen)i(;al salt, composeil of 



sulphuric aciil and potash. Sulphuret of potash, 



sulphur tmd potash fused together. 

 Sulphate of magnesia, Epsom salts. 

 Sulphuic acid, oil of vitriol ; vitriolic acid. 

 Super-tartrate of potash, cream of tartar. 

 Subacetate of copper, verdigris. 

 Sulphurets, comliinaiions of alkaline earths or 



metals with sulphur. 

 Tartaric acid, the acid found in the grape. 

 Tartrates, Tartrites, salts formed by the cotnbina- 



tion of any base wilii the acid of tiirtar. 

 Thermometer, an instrument to show the relative 



heat of bodies and of the atmosphere. 

 Trituration, the pulverizing, or uniting of bodies 



by friction. 

 Torrtfaction, roasting of ores. 

 Vacuum, a space unoccupied by matter. 



The Soil of Marsh-meadows. 



Every one has remarked that the soil of marsh- 

 e.s, for a depth of from eighteen ii.ches to t-.vo 

 feet is composed of nearly pure vegetalile mould, 

 having in it very Mule admixture of clay, sand, 

 or other earthly constituents, and of n blackness 

 that rivals chiircoal itself It is a common im- 

 pression that these soils arc made by the washing 

 in of upland soil, century after century, and to a 

 very limited extent they tlotibtless are." But this, 

 we think, does not account either for the amount 

 of the accumulation, or for its peculiar character; 

 for if that were iis only or principal source, more 

 of the iagredieuls of the upland soil would liave 

 accompanied the vegetable mould in its descent, 

 and the soil of these receptacles would have 

 resembled that found in tlic bottom of those dry 

 hollows, which are so commonly met with amoii" 

 the oak-openings of this State. " 



There can be no doubt that the marshes were 

 once covered with water, and that, too, at no dis- 

 tant period, ludecfl, within the memory of early 

 settler,*, some that were covered with water a foot 

 or two in depth, have become dry enough to bo 

 mown. The comparative wetness or dryness of 

 the season, of course, makes much difference- 

 but taking this into due account, it is evident 

 there is going on a gradual drying up of the 

 super-incumbent waters, and an emerging of the 

 land. 



This being the case, a knowledge of the pro- 

 cess which takes place, when decomposition of 

 vegetable matter occurs, under water, will account 

 for the peculiar characteristics of marsh soils, 



