ialjc JTarmci's iilontl)li) Visitor. 



try, to iivoiil fref|ueiit clmnges of passengers and 

 of fiei{:lit on ihffeitnl Uncks. 



'J'lie first Euiopeiiii Sliite which followed 

 Great Brimiii in the introdiiPliun of Railroads, 

 was Bul^iun). In .Inne, 1834, one was commen- 

 ced ihere: and in 18J3, Belyiiitn had 348 miles 

 of KaiUoad in operation. 



r; It was not until 1830, that Fraiice directed her 

 allention to this snliject. The tir.--t KaiKvay was 

 laid from Paris lo St. Germain, twelve miles in 

 length. Now ii is said there are nearly JOOO 

 miles in operation in France, traversin;; the kinj;- 

 doin in various directions. 



Austria has CG4 miles of Railroad in operation, 

 Olid 1371 more in contemplation. Prussia has 

 701 in use, and 302 more in prospect. IJavaria 

 lias 15!) miles of Railroad now iravellctl, anil nu- 

 tnerons principalities in Germany have made, or 

 ure nowextemlin^, their Railroads. When com- 

 pleted iherewiUhe 7(J00 miles of Railroad in 

 Germany, of whicdi 4700 are .-dready in operation. 

 Russia, too, is awake. From !5l. Petershiirijh to 

 Warsaw, and to Cracow, and to Moscow, and to 

 Odessa lo the Voifia and the Diina, Railroads .ire 

 beiiiKinade; in the whole distance 1000 miles ; 

 that to Moscow is nearly liiiinhed. 



Spain, unhappy, distracted Spain, has numer- 

 ous savage Hull-tights, and slill perpetuates the 

 area of h.-nharism and hlooiUhed, hut she has 

 not a Railroad on the continent— though the 

 heautiful Island of Cnha already piesetils one of 

 foriy-tive miles, winding among her lofty moim- 

 laius. And even the present enligliteiieil Pope, 

 touched by the enterprising steam of the age, 

 has warmed into a project for a Railroad through 

 the domiirions of the Church in Italy. 



The example of England was rapidly followed 

 ill this country. The fust public Railway was 

 laid between Ueleware and Elk river, and open- 

 ed, I believe, in 1833. Nearly at the same time 

 one was under way between Audioy unil lior- 

 denlown in New Jersey. The Hoslon ami Prov- 

 idence was chartered in 1831, and went into op- 

 eration June 4,1834. That of Uoslon anil Low- 

 ell went into operation in 1835, ;md the Boston 

 ami Worcester the same year. Numerous Rail- 

 ways are n<uv inlerseeting Massachusetts, North, 

 South and West, in almost every direction — to 

 Albany, to Maine, to New Bedford, and to vari- 

 ous points. 



Tlie intluence of these iiiiinerous veins and 

 arteries on the business o( Boston, the heart of 

 New England, i.s already felt in every pore of 

 her enterprise. Her population has since ii.- 

 cicased with almost incredible rapidity. Jn 1820 

 it was 43,'.-li8 ; in 1830, 01,3'J-^; in 1840, 1)3,383; 

 nud now her census has exceeded 120,000. Who 

 would not glory in such a city, whose industry 

 and wealth and noble bearing are felt ou ; veiy 

 land and sea in the civilized world. And what 

 equal number of sipiaie miles, with flourishing 

 improvuments upon them, presents such a pic- 

 ture of the (iee and happy, as the Slate oi' Mas- 

 sachusetts, go where we may in all the cnimirivs 

 on the face of the eaithi' The iVon /lorse has 

 been to her a richer gift than the mines of Potosi 



long and well fed, till the (iit cells have become 

 fully charged with solid matter, will, on exposure 

 to boiling water, absorb a portion ol it, and con- 

 KCiiuently swell the dimensions of the Oesli; 

 while that which has been hastily or but partially 

 liittened, will diminish in c-ooking from the ab- 

 straction of the juices which occupied the cav- 

 ities or spaces between the lean lihies. 'i'liis is 

 the whole secret of the shrinking and swelling 

 of meats. It will thus be |ieiceived that one 

 carcase of eipial weight may differ materially in 

 value from another ol' nearly the same apparent 

 (juality. This difference in value isecpially man- 

 ifest in the quality of tish and poultry. Eggs 

 from well-fed hens aic aliio much more rich and 

 substantial than those which iire product d by 

 hens sparsely led. The latter will invariably be 

 found meagre and watery. 



Salt and Soot, — It is said tiiat an important 

 agriculiui-al discovery has recently been made, 

 showing thai, by the union of salt and soot, a 

 most valuable manure is produced. It has been 

 found that hind which usually produced twenty- 

 five ton.i of carrots lo an acre, vi lieu fertilized by 

 a mixture of six bushels and a half of sooi. 

 \iehled forty. This manure is also said to br 

 "very good liir grain, and isp. .-ially so tiir potato 

 land, which befoie had nevi.'r produced more 

 than OIK! hundred and liliy-seveii bushels to the 

 acre, yielding two IninrhLd and loily after having 

 been manured by a mixture of thirty bushels ol 

 soot and eight ol salt. 



Poi'ULAR \',Rr.oK».—t)hiiiil;ing(iiid sweUing of 

 meat in the put. — When children, we ii-ed t(> be 

 told that pork, beef &c., killed in the old of the 

 moon, would s/iri)i/c in the jnit ; and if in the 7ifi(i, 

 i( icoi/W siieW ; and a great many good, honest 

 fanners, religiously (diserved her waxing and 

 waning (piarlers lor lln;ir pi'riodical packing. 

 That some meat shrinks, while oihcr swells, is a 

 tiicttoo noloiious for cavil ; but that the moon is 

 lo be praised or blamed for this agency we tiio.^t 

 fully di oy. The line cause of these changes is 

 lo lie hiuiid in the manner of Ii-' ding the aiiimuls 

 before bluughleiing. An auinu.l thai Ima been 



Sources of Plauts. 



Apfiles — -Ml varieties of apples are derived 

 from the crab jipples, which are lound iti all parts 

 of the earth. 



Asparagus — This vvas brought from Asia lo 

 America. Asparagus is often iin|)ioperly called 

 Sparrow-grass. 



Aiiijonds are the fruit of a tree which grows 

 cliii lly in the Indies. 



Barilla — is a pirmt rnltivated in Spain for its 

 ashes, which is said tu aiiord the jiurest alkali 

 lur making glass and soap. 



Bread-fruit 'I'm e — is a native of South Sea Is- 

 lands, especially Otaheile. 



Cotfee — is a native of Arabia Felix. It is now 

 ciillivated ill various pans of the ton id zone, es- 

 pecially in the East and W'est Indies. 



Cork — is the bark of a species of oak which 

 grows in Spain and Portugal. After the bark is 

 taken Ironi the tree, a new bark is formed, and 

 in the course of six or seven years it is renewed. 



Camphor — is the itoncreie jiiice of a tree, a 

 s[iecies of laurel, which grows in Borneo, Suma- 

 tra, and other parts of the East Indies. 



Chocolate-is made of Cocoa, which is a nut 

 growing ill the East Indies. The kernel of this 

 nut is parched like coffee, pounded into dust, 

 made into a paste, then dried and cut into cakes. 



Cocoa — this lint grows in both Indies, on trees 

 fifty or sixty feet high. They grow in bunches 

 ofVa. 



Cloves — are the flowers of a plant which grows 

 in Molucca and the East Indies. 



Cabbage — was originally brought from Hol- 

 land. 



Currants — dried om's came to us from the 

 western part of Greece. 



Horse-Raddish — was brought here from China. 



Lettuce — was brought Irom Hollantl. 



Nutmeg — grows in the Ea^t Indies. It is a 

 kernel. 



Onions and Garlic — are natives of Asia and 

 Africa. 



Oats — the oat is considered a native of Jlexi- 

 co. 



Peaches — the peach is a native of Persia, 

 its wild state it is small, bilti;r and poisonous 



Potato — this is a native of South America, 

 its iiiilural growth it is very small and bitter. 



Pine Apple — the pine ajiple grows iu 

 \Ve:~t Indies, and other warm climates. 



Rye — originated iu Tarlary anil Siberia. 



Kai.-.ins — are dried lirapes; they ripen on the 

 vines, and sue dried iu an oven or iu the sun. — 

 They come lo us from the Meiliterniiiean. 



Siiuar-Cane — is a native ofChina, from wlience 

 is (hrived the art of maUiui.' sugar. 



Tobacco — is a native of Mexico and South 

 ."Vinerica. One species has lately been discover- 

 ed in New llollainl. Tobacco was fust carried 

 to England from North Carolina, by Sir Walter 

 Raleigh. 



'I'ea — this is n native of no country except 

 China and Japan; from these places the world 

 is supplied, 'i'ea is produced from the leaves of 

 an ever-green shrub, live or six feet high. The 

 leaves are first sleamed over boiling water, then 

 dried (Ui copper plates over fire. 



Wheat— originated in Taruiiy and Siberia. 



Tin: Coi) FisUF.nMKN.--They are generally 

 poor, living on the light sandy soil, upon which 

 western fiuniers would starve, yet you fiuil in 

 their smiill, nnpretending dwilliugs, the great- 

 ness, and a good degree of coinlort. 'I hey com- 

 uioiice their Inbois as fisiicrincn early in the 



spring, in preparing their vessels. These are 

 Irom fifty to one himdred Ions. Their provi^inllS 

 for the vo}age consist of salted beef and pork, 

 Indian corn, tionr and molasses. Upon these ar- 

 ticles aiul fish they live six or eight months ill 

 the year. These, w illi llie salt they take on board 

 say five to eight hundred bushels, they obtain 

 generally on the credit ol' the voyage. They 

 start usually in the months of April and May, in 

 their small vessels, for the Grand Bank, the coast 

 of Newlijundland, Labrador, &c., where there 

 aie almost constant fog and cold through the fish- 

 ing seasons. They are wet and cold nearly all 

 the lime. 



■^I'liose whoprocefd to the Grand Bank Rnclioriii 

 about filly fathouiS of water, with a cable of one 

 hundred and fifty laihoms long, and there riile 

 out the gales of ihu ocean, lo the asionishment 

 of the commanders of the inuies of the world. 

 The codfish, when taken on board, are cleaned 

 and sailed in bulk, in the hold of the vessel. — 

 Tliu tongues and sounds are carefully taken out 

 and sailed in cask.s. They are a delicate and de- 

 licious article, pailicniarly the tongues when 

 broiled fresh. The livers are saved in casks, and 

 a most valuable oil is exiiacted from lliem fi)r the 

 use of tanners. If snccessliil they return iu a- 

 bout lour monllis, though generally the trips are 

 longer. On returning the li^haie taken from the 

 hold of the vessels, in a green or pickled state. — 

 They are then spread upon flakes, iu the open 

 air, made of brush, laiseil about two teet from llie 

 ground, for two weeks or more, being caielolly 

 turned daily, aiul gathered iu heaps during damp 

 or rainy weather. They are then, witii the 

 tongues, sounds, aiid oil, sent to market. The 

 price of the fish is usually two or three dollars 

 per quintal. A vessel of sixty tons brings Innne 

 about five or six hundred (luintals. 'J'he shares 

 of men employed average twelve ilollars per 

 iiionlh, say, lor the eight months they are occu- 

 pied, ninety six dollars. Iu the winter they fol- 

 low some trade, sliocinaking, tScc. 



In 



In 



the 



Dignity of Labor. — Mike Walsh of the New 

 York Subterranean, gives a bai her of that city, 

 the lollowiiig withering rebuke. The fact is, let 

 laborers but respect themselves and such inso- 

 lence would be of rare occurience. 



1 stepped iiilo a loafing looking barber's sliop 

 kept by a Dutchinau in Mulberry street, ou last 

 .S.itiinlay tiflenioon, to get shaved, anil alter I was 

 proiiouiiced "done" by the man of soapsuds and 

 razors, all eldeily, care-worn looking laborer, in 

 his shirt sleeves, sat down in the chair 1 bail just 

 vacated, and leaned back to undergo the same op- 

 eration.*. 



" llaf you-n cot iiione-ye tho pay the shave r' 

 exclaimed ihe boor, while he waited for an affir 

 maiive r;ply bet'ore he would go even so fiir as 

 putting Ihe towel around his neck. 



" Why certainly 1 have ; I'm sure I wonld'nt 

 have the impudence to come in to get shaved if 

 I had'nt," replii d the insulted [loor man, with 

 that humility which bespoke a life-lung lamll- 

 iarity with insult and oppression. 



licit Iho blood boil ill my head. Here was 

 the whole action of our present stale of society at 

 a glance. 



'• And this," said 1 to m\sell', " is the ' dignity 

 of labor,' which empty demagogiies and vapid 

 hypocrites prate so much about." 



" Has he ever done you out of any ibini; before," 

 said I while rndeavoriiig to suppress my leelings. 



'■ Vot jou mean by ilat '-" 



" If lull do I miiin .' Why. has ho ever come in 

 here, or auv where else, and got shaved wiihoiu 

 paying for it ?" 



"Oh no, I wa>h nev-her know dat ; but 1 link 

 by his loo-ak he llioiil pay." 



" Then because a man is dressed poorly, and 

 looks bowed down by hard work, you coiiclndo 

 lie mn.-t be ilishonest, and think you can insult 

 him with perfect impunity, do \ou, yon scronn- 

 ilrel ? Now if that man served _\on right, he 

 would break your jaw, and if be lets you shave 

 him now after lie manner iu which you insulted 

 him, he deserves lo have his jaw broke." 



The poor man, who, nmil now, seeinrd to 

 have no idea that lie had been ill Healed, jiiinp- 

 rd lip from the chair, dashed the towel which 

 had been placed aronuil his neck, and pniired 

 tiiith a volley of well merited execrations upon 

 the head, e\es, heart and suul of the ofl'ei ding 

 barber— I ofuscd to bo shaved ou any terms, and 



