6 



"^llTXormcv^iHoiUlilijJ^^i^ 



nio,-t sleiile •niiy lin lin.iij.'i.l, «;iiiiralely, into jui 

 enricliing loiirso. A liinii su liii.l oiil, lliai <m1iI.- 

 rimy oluaiii water ofllieinsflves, may save whole 

 weeks of labor in (lrivii)<.' tlieni to water, &c., ev- 

 ery year. Indeed, the savin;; of lahor hy a we 1 

 laid'out farm, can hardly he estimated m the mul- 

 tifarious o|.erations eonstanlly lakiii;: place. 



A careful savin;;, iiianulactnre, and ;;i)imI appli- 

 cation of manure, would promote a ;;reni nnprove- 

 ment with many. Mndi of the value of the pro- 

 duets of the barn\ard are lost Irom want ol a 

 good supply of etraw, dried muck or peat, to ah- 

 iorh the liquid poriions. M.n-h is lost by Us 

 wronK application, and especially by the wanto 

 its thorou^'b admixtme with the sod by repeated 

 ploi.;:hiui.'S and harrowin;rs. From our own per- 

 sonal observations, we are j.crleetly satisfied, lliat 

 the henefiis from manure mia;lit be very easily 

 tripled on nine-tenths of the liirms o( the north- 

 ern stales. We do not mean here to include, at 

 all, those who suffer their manure to remain in the 

 yard five years, till nine-tenths is lost by fermen- 

 tation and vapor ; nor those who do not apply it 

 at all; nor the man who built his ho^-pen across 

 a stream,lhat the cleanings might be convenient- 

 ly shoveled into the water and wtisheil away. Ma- 

 nure may be even vv-ll applied, ami well mixed 

 with the soil, and then wasted by an exhausting 

 course. 



A careful, constant, and vigorous attention to 

 weeds, would work wonders on some farms. 

 There are two modes of ilisposing of these cost- 

 ly intruders; one, is lo ilestroy tlitin thoroughly 

 when only an inch high, when the wiprk may be 

 very easily and efteclnally done, and before the 

 soil and crop have been injured by their growth; 

 and the other, is to allow them to get a foot high, 

 thus doing great damage, ami then to make an 



be neglected ; and Ibose who can think of but 

 (,iie thill" at a lime should have a memorandum 

 hook consiantly in the pocket, lor nolingdouh 

 and for reference lo at all times, everything, small 

 and great, imporlant and unimporiaut. 



It is by aiteniiou to these ibing.s, and many oth- 

 er.s, that some fanners are enabled to obtain large 

 proVns from their farms; while others, on equal- 

 ly good laml, as great in extern, and with as much 

 capital as a beginning, make but a scanty living, 

 and obtain no surplus revenues with all their in- 

 dustry and tiugalily. 



assault upon them at i\n enormous expense. U, 

 but we did not intend to have sufiered the weeds 

 to get so large, but we were backward in our 

 work, and were disappointed in our hired help. 

 But you must remember that gou<l management 

 causes a man to take time by the forelock— or, to 

 speak more strongly and roughly, to take bim by 

 the snout;— and you must endeavor to secure 

 such help as will not disappoint jou. Many far- 

 mers err by attempting to do a great deal w ith a 

 little help ; the eonsecjuenc-e is, eveiylhing is hur- 

 ried, and evervtbiug behind-hand,— and then, 

 more help musi be ultimately hired, or the work 

 neglected at still greater loss. Would it not be 

 cheaper to hoe an acre of carrots with three days 

 work, while the weeds are as yet no longer than 

 small feathers, than to hoe them with ten days' 

 work, when the weed.s have atlained a growth ol 

 two tons to the acre ? It would be cliea|jer to 

 hire a man in time, at double price, and pay him 

 with borrowed money at eighty per cent, iiiler- 

 est, than to permit the delay— though neither are 

 necessary. 



We need not here go into a minute examina- 

 tion of all the various items of good and bad m.iii- 

 agement, which have been elsewhere fully treat- 

 ed of; but we may miMely recall a few ihiugs to 

 remcmbrariie. 'I'lie loss of bay and ollii^r fooil 

 of sheep and caitle, by their exposure in op.n 

 fields to cold winds in winter, causing a consnmii- 

 tioM of m-arly double the amount needed lor 

 them in warm places, would, in a single season, 

 be enouu'll to erect good and cheap .shelters, to 

 gay nothing of the improved condiiion of tin' ani- 

 mals, and security from loss by death. A great 

 saving would ofleii result by taking pains to se- 

 lect fine animals to breed IVom. A tine and hand- 

 gome animal is as easily raised as a had and ugly 

 one, and frequently commands a donbh- prices in 

 market. A similar advantage wonld resull liom 

 selection of seed. Alany dajs' labor may be an- 

 nually avoided, by procuring the very best tools, 

 where they arc such as ar(^ much in use. A vast 

 amount of valuable time, and smne fretting, may 

 be saved by having a place for i^very lliini; and 

 every thing in its place, ami habits of leaving 

 things out of order, wliicli are very hard to con- 

 quer, and which, like all kinds of carelessness, 

 are the bane of fine (iirming, be prevented. And 

 it is of vital consequence, that ev(uy Ihing be 

 done at the right season. .\ few days' delay, not 

 unfreqiiently results in great losses; noiiietimcs 

 the entire profits of crops, or their amount over 

 and above their cost of raising, are destroyed by 

 |)laiitiiig out of season. To previ^nt cmifiision 

 and embarrassinenl, every thing should he heliire 



An Ice Mountain in Oregon.- Father De 

 Smet, one of tho-e self-deiiyini; pioneer mission- 

 aries of the cro.s, who has spent, and is speiid- 

 ■„,.' a portion of his lifein iU)ing good among the 

 sealtered people of Oregon, li.as wrilteu a series 

 of intele^lilig letters from ihat wild region to the 

 Freeman's .lonrnal. lie thus speaks ol the val- 

 lev de la Fouiclie dn Trou. lie says:— 



""As we approached the highlands the snow 

 hecame much deeper. On .be 1st of May we 

 reached the great Bature, which has all the ap- 

 pearance of a lake just drained of its waters.— 

 Here we pitched our tents lo await the arrival ol 

 the people of Columbia, who alwa\s pa.-^s by this 

 nnile on their way lo Canada and \ork Factory. 

 Not tiir IV«m ihe'pl'ice of our encampmeiil, we 

 fm.iKl a new object of surprise '""I •''^'V";'!"";- 

 An immense inounlain of I'ure ice, 1,500 feet high 

 encloseilhelweeii two enormous rocks. So great 

 is the transparency of this beautiful ice, thtit we 

 ean easily distinguish (d.jects in it to the depth 

 of more than six feet. One wotild say by itsap- 

 peaiance, that in some sudden and extraordma- 

 rv swell of the river, immense icebergs had been 

 tbrced between these rocks, and b.al piled lltf-ni- 

 selves ou one another, so as to lorio this uiagnih- 

 cent glacier. What gives some color «t probi- 

 bililv to thiscoiijei'tnre is, Ihat on the other side 

 of the ghu-ier there is a large lake of considera- 

 hle elevation. From the base of this gigantic 

 iceberg, the river Tron takes its rise. 



some refoimiii public opinion, w ill covvr <>ur 

 roiinlrv witli reck and ruin. Tliisstaleol lliinKS 

 is striking at the very foumlalioii of our national 

 greatness ; it is upon agriculture that we mainly 

 dei/eiid lea- our continued prosperity, and dark 

 and evil will be the day when it falls into disre- 

 pute. What other pursuit offers so sure a gnar- 

 ly of an honest independence, a comfortable sup- 

 port fi)r a dependent family ^ Where else can 

 we look but to the produdions of the sod tor 

 safely of investment, anil lor all ample reiurn.-' 

 In commercial speculations all is chance and uii- 

 eertahitv, change ami fluctuations, rise and lall. 

 In the learned profe.s.-ions scarce one m ten make 

 enough to meet their incidental expenses; how 

 then are we to account for this fatal misdirection 

 of public o\)'iu\ou':f—Fisk'sMJnss. 



Cold Water for CATTi.K.-Farmers are you 

 aware that very cold water in the winter as well 

 as snmm<r, is injurious lo your stock.'' II not 

 we can assure jou that it is a fact. It often cau- 

 ses disease, especially of the bowels; and under 

 no circumstances will cattle dr nk so much of it 

 us is absolntelv necessary for their '.hrilt. 



Water, if possible, should be oblained from a 

 spring, and be drank as it bubbles out, at a u.od- 

 erale'temperalure. or be pumped up fresh from 

 a well, or be taken fioin holes cut through the 

 ice of a deep stream or clear pond. I he water 

 of a swift running stream, where more or less ot 

 ils surface is expose.l to the frosty atmosphere is 

 usually (pill.Moo cool for healthy drink. 1 hal 

 also taken from slaiiding iroughs or shallow pools, 



with the ice broken up in il, is equally injurious. 

 h is belter to have the waier brought Ir.mi a 

 spring, into the yard or stable,and when wanted, 

 „,ru U into a tro'mih easily accessible to the stock. 

 When they have drank sufiicienily, .stop the run- 

 ning of the water and draw the Houghs dry ;— 

 then no ice is made U< chill the water .excessive- 

 ly, to the injury of ibe animals drinking it.— .'/m. 

 JIgrkuUnrisl. 



YocNG MEN-AGRtcCi.TfRE.-Whatever may 

 be your choice of future occupation— w haievei 

 ealiing or profession yn\ may select, there is cer- 

 tainly none im.re honorable or enviable ihaii 

 that of a farmer. The patriarch of the f.ehls, as 

 he sits beside his coIUige iloor when lii.s dally 

 toil is over, feels an inward calm never known 

 h, iheballsof pihlc. His lahor yieds bim nn- 

 pnrchascable h.ahh and repose. llia\eohsei- 

 ved with more grief and pain than I can now 

 express, the visible loUens w hicli appear in all 

 diredionsof a growing disposilion to avoid agri- 

 culinial pnrsi.ils, and rush into some ol theover- 

 erow.hd prof.'ssious, becau.se a co.riipl and de- 

 hasiii;.' liishion has thrown around ihein Ihe lu- 

 sel of imaginary rcspeclabilily. „»'■"'■';. <"^ I".'- 

 m,.r,iiisiea.lol preparing his child to lollow in 

 Ihe palliof nsefi.lness, himself has trod, educates 

 him for a sloth ; labor is considered vulgar; to 

 work is nngenleel, the jack-plaue is ess respec- 

 lable than the lawyer's green bag ; the handles 

 of the plough less dignified iban ihe yard-slick.— 

 Fnfortunate Infaliialion I llow melancholy i.s this 

 ,,.i,„,i I,,, -I, niil,"'^', il be eli.'.-U. d by n wliol 



Plfasant Anecdote.— "In painimg. says 

 Ihu Batuta, who travelled into China m tbe b'ur^ 

 leenlh century, " none come near the Chinese. 

 In proof of this he relates a plea.saiit anecoote : 

 "1 one day entered into one of their cities lor a 

 moment ; sometime after 1 had occasion auaiu to • 

 viMt it, and what should 1 see upon the walls, and 

 „,,oii papers stuck up in the streets, but pictures 

 of u,ys<-lf and companions ! '1 his is constantly 

 ,lone"witiiall straogeis w ho pass ihrongh their 

 towns. And should a stranger do anything to 

 make a flijibt necessary, they would send oiit his 

 picture to all the provinces, and he would be m 

 conseiiuence detected." 



Account of au Experiment in Deep Plonehiug. 



BT JOHN JAFFRAY, DU.NBAR, EAST LOTIIIA.N. 



The exiieriment was made upon a small field, 

 which is sixty-five feet above the level of the sea 

 The soil is sandy, resting upon a subsoil ot sand 

 ami gravel of !-".eat .lc|Uli, and so tborongh y 

 draine.l by the declivily of the surrounding lands, 

 the want of moisture is its n.-itural etiect. 1 here 

 is but little difterence between the sod and the 

 stratum on which it rests beyond what culture 

 ami manure have made-, but, from ^'"'""If. " 

 ■navel, treading of horse.-, and pressure ol tie 

 plough, year after year, and age after age the suh- 

 ioil had liecome cruste.l, bar.l, and beaten, hs a 

 road. In short, tiom shallow plooghmg, tlieie 

 was but lillle of cultivated earth ; and, as on al 

 sn,-h soils in dry seasons, the ci'op ^'"'^""^':''[^ 

 and scanty. Will, a view lo render this held l.ml- 

 1„| i„ „iiy" season, it was subsoiled w itli the Deau- 

 siou plouuh, ei;:hteeii inches deep, and sown 

 with wheat lor cop in 1837. 'Ibe great vigor 

 and luxuriance of the crop atlracled general no- 

 tice; and it mmsthave yielded an extraordinar> 

 increase, if it lia.l not been lodged by wind am 

 ,,„„ shortly after the ear appeared, rberefoie it 

 ,.ave only {hiriy-eight bushels of gram to the acre 

 hut three tons "of straw, which proved '"^ g''-" 

 streiLMh. To this crop, one of potatoes am o 

 of w ileal succee<led ; but .1 is ""V^"!'''."- "' ' ? 

 Held fbr crop in 184 1, and the result, which cli.el- 

 Iv eonstiliite Ibis report. . .,„,| 



■ h was all equally dre.=.sed with seaware , m 

 four acres of the same quali.y and description 

 ee measured and slaked ofl. Two of the e 

 u-reVwerc ploughed tw.lve inches deep, Willi 

 vo horses and two of them eighieen inches 

 leJp, Willi I'o.ir horses. These two porlions i 

 1 'her respects; were cultivated and managed 

 ■lally alike. They were planled will, po.a oe.- 

 ,f, henou species in the last week olAp... eg 



inches deep, twelve inches asunder, and n. h s 

 |,i,,vineheswide,runniiiga,.i.b.anglcs lo 1..^ 



r,„rows of theexperimeiilal I'-'^l" i^' ^^ '^ . ^ 

 „„oes were planle.l ''••'I''''' '''^''' ''^' ' '; , i ' « 

 ,he shoots were longer in c.nmng 'j"""-'' J « 

 oumi: but when they did appear, it wa-s »1<1 

 :, e englh and regulariiN. "bey expanded 



\r™d';ieep.green leaves, and grew vigor- s- 



Iv ill Ihe .hv sandy soil, in a very severe and o g 



•m,inue.ld-roughf. ''""V'TV" ^'I'l a c - 

 .hei.esi nlouMied porlion ha<l ihe advaiihvi. 

 ll^hJ^n'lil^iiHlbrailcbes of its plains were strong- 

 er, and they first covered the gr..iind. 



