rfr^^wu^vm 



^l)e JTarmcr's illoutlilu Visitor. 



iiinre of one size, IiaJ fewer small ones, !uul not 

 so many of a •jieen color as those from llie oilier 

 division. 



The quantity on the deep tillage is eishty-sev- 

 en bolls per Scots acre, which is a ^;oocl crop for 

 any year, anil it will readily he fjranliil that it is 

 Jar above the averai;e of the disirict this year, 

 many fields not prudiicin^r hall' a crop. Hut 

 thoii;;h this is a jirealer crop for the season, it 

 iinist have been still greater if the field had been 

 less exposed, as it has no shelter; and three days 

 of very violent wind in the (irst week of August 

 broke down tlii^ plants, which, from their gicat 

 Inxnriaiice, were then very tender, and checked 

 their growth. 



The practical conclusions to be drawn from this 

 experiment are — 



F'irI^t, that deep ploughing increases the pro- 

 duce. 



Next, that, as both portions of the land used in 

 the experiment were opened up eighteen inches 

 deep by the subsoil plough for crop in 1837, the 

 full benelit of that operation is not obtained till 

 the earth so lonsened isagam plougheil up. And 

 the reason is evident ; for it is then only that the 

 soil is deepened, by an addition from the subsoil 

 with w hich it is intermixed, and rendered more 

 fruitful. 



Lastly: if deep ploughing increases the pro- 

 duce, it inci-eases also the .«upply of vegetable 

 inanme ; and a greatiM- portion of manure, added 

 to improved culture, nnist produce a progressive 

 increase of fertility and of produce. 



Milk for the People. — There exist on Long 

 Island, near Brooklyn, several mantijitetones of 

 milk — the process o( which should be known. 

 One of these ilairies covers a Sjiace of (iOO feet 

 front by 300 deep, carefully fenced in, so as to be 

 as private as possible — the business of the peo- 

 ple being to iJrink the milk, not to know how it is 

 made — in which enclosure 400 cows are kept the 

 whole year round. These cows are tisd on the 

 refuse slop of the whiskey distilleries, and it is 

 given to them imrm. Each barrel costs six cents, 

 but being adidlerated with water and cheap teed, 

 brings the price still less. Such is the fondness 

 of the cows lor this vile compound, that alter hav- 

 ing fed upon it for a week or more, their appetites 

 become so depraved ihat they will take no other 

 food. The result is their niilk-produciug organs 

 are stinndated lo a wonderfid degree ; ihey yield 

 enormously, but soon become diseased ; their 

 gums ulcc-rate, their tcelb drop out, and their 

 brealh becomes fetid. "J'liough thus diseased, 

 tliey ilo not fall away in flesh, but on the contra- 

 ry puif up and bloat to an appearance of great 

 fatness; their joints become stiff so that they can- 

 not lie ilown, and rarely or never conre out alive. 

 Bad as this is, the milk is afterward mixed with 

 with molasses, water and whiting, and then sold 

 to the people of New York for pure milk ! Any 

 one may observe the tliirty-six vans that carry it 

 around every morning. It is of course very in- 

 jurious to children, who use it in nuich greater 

 quamllies than adults. Some idea may be foroi- 

 ed of the profit made by computing one barrel 

 of slop to a cow, costing sixpence, and the milk 

 produced being eighty cents I— .Veif York paper. 



Farm B.irns and Stables.— Barns should be 

 so placed as to make tliein waini anil eotnforla- 

 ble lor cattle. They shoidd have a somheru, or 

 an eastern aspect, and a cell.ir shoidd extend un- 

 der the whole building; for thi^room is the best 

 in the whole barn, and it is made at less cost than 

 any room that can be made in the btiildiuff. A 

 fiiriner who has rocks handy, can dig and stone 

 a cellar with labor that is less costly than that of 

 carpenters. 



Barn cellars are wanner in winter and cooler 

 in suninier than the upper pans of the building. 

 Roots for stock can be kept hi-re and fed out with 

 a great saving of labor compared with storing in 

 the cellar of the dwelling house. And bains 

 njay be so firdshed that hay Uiay be slori'd con- 

 veniently below the barn floor. " This is exceed- 

 ingly convenient when you are in a hinry— and 

 you always are in the afternoon in hay time.— 

 For one man may cart home a load and throw it 

 off while others are left in the field to gather the 

 hay. When all hands are at home the hay may 

 be levelled down. Rainy weather answers for 

 this business. 



Barns should always beset on the saiue side of I 



the road with the house. Yet we find many far- 

 mers placing b.niis and out-buildings on the 

 south side of the road, and directly opposite to 

 the dwelling house, 'i'hiscuts off the most pleas- 

 ant prospect, that is usually to be had from the 

 south side, or ciul of the house. It compels you 

 to cross the road many times in n day to see 

 your cattle and feed them, and it exposes you to 

 all the efiluvia that is generated in the dung 

 heaps in hot weather — for in hot weather the 

 winds an; southerly. 



1 would place my barn, hog pen, &c., on the 

 easterly, or northerly side of the house, rather 

 than westerly, because the east winds are less 

 prevalent than the west; and when they do pre- 

 vail, Ihey !U'e never so charged with (intrid mat- 

 ter as west winds that have blown over heaps of 

 man me. 



Farm buildings thus tu'ranaed may be set 

 quite near together, wiihont offence to the nasal 

 organs. Many steps arc saved in a winter by 

 setting the barn and the hog pen near the dwel- 

 ling house ; and you can so arrange them, in 

 most cases, as to be able to run to the stock to be 

 fed, under the lee of the buildings, and free from 

 the northwest winds. 



In w int<'r the hogs shoidd bo under the barn, 

 both for their own condVirt and yours. They 

 will live warm there, and you can carry them 

 food when you go to feed the cattle. In summer 

 a trough may conduet the wash of the dairy di- 

 rectly to the pen, and .save you the labor of car- 

 rying it by hand. — Maine Cultivator. 



Scottish National Feelings. — The beau- 

 tiful and patheti^• song of Lochaher is known to and 

 .Tchnired by all who have an ear for music; and its ef- 

 fect upon the Highlanders, when absent fioni their 

 homes, is well shown in the following incident which 

 occurred in Canada several years ago, and which also 

 proves how powerful is the sympathy between this our 

 tenement of clay, and its celestial inmate, the iwul : 



" It was tile fate of Dr. C. to accompany a High- 

 land regiment across the Atlantic, to a ' far distant 

 shore.' Tile station where the troops were encamped 

 was very healtli\', the climate particularly good : 

 judge, then, of the surprise of the good doctor to find 

 his soldiers falling sick duily, and his hospital filled 

 with invalids, whilst, as he could not discover the dis- 

 ease, he could iippiy no remedy. 



'* One evening the moon shone so unusually bright, 

 the scene from his window was so lovely, as the 

 beams played upon the rippling water or gave light and 

 shadow lo the magnificent forest-trees near his abode, 

 that he was tempted to t:d>e a solitary ranible, 



" Murine on da\s Inii? past, 

 And [ile.i8iires :,'one forever by," 



the sound of the bagpipe struck upon his ear, and at- 

 tracted him towards the barracks, where the piper was 

 playing, in the most touching manner, 



" I.oriiabi-r no more ! 

 May be to return lo Locbaber nu more ! 



Dr. C. approached the large room unobserved, and, 

 looking in, found all his men assembled, and all in 

 deep emotion — some recumbent on the floor, some re- 

 clttied against the wall, many in tears, and one, bury- 

 ing his face in his hands, sobbed aloud. My friend 

 retired to his quarters: on the following morning he 

 sent for the piper, and, bringing him to secresy, com- 

 manded him in future lo play nothing but lively airs, 

 reels, strathpeys, and marches; but never on pain of 

 his displeasure, to breathe Lochaher again. The piper 

 obeyed : the effect was magical— the invalids revived, 

 and in a very short time not one remained in the hos- 

 pital. 



" This anecdote which I know to be true, inspired 

 ine with a most ardent desire to see Lochaher — scenes 

 must be beautiful v\birh produced such a powerful ef- 

 fect upon the uiind. Last sumnjer, passing through 

 the magrdficenl scenery of the northern lakes of Scot- 

 land, I came upon Loch^dier : I!en Nevis reared his 

 crowned head — at his base stood a cluster of misera- 

 ble hovels, in a swamp where every.breeze that passes 

 by whispers ' ague,' each hut is formed of wood and 

 turf gathered from the morass beneath their feet — a 

 hole ill the roof forms the chimney — a hole in the side 

 is the window, and in some of the huts, window and 

 door is one — not a tree to be seen; yet dear as life to 

 the iiighlander is the memory of Lochaher." 



ECOVOMT I.\ C'oOKI.\G CRANBERRIES. — To Cach 



quart of lierri.'s, very shonly after the cooking 

 of them is commenced, add a tea-spoonful of sal- 

 Eeratus. This w ill so neutralize the acid which 

 they contain, as to make it necessary to use only 

 one-lbunh part as much sugar as would have 

 been requisite, had they been cooked without 

 using salijeratus. 



The Sources of National Wealth. 



BY HEV. MH. BURNAP, OF BALTIIMOUE. 



What is wealth? In what does it consist? 



Wealth is every thing that supplies human 

 wants, natural or artificial. Here is, of course, 

 an end toils multiplication. The artificial wants 

 of mankind have no limits, of course wealth has 

 no bounds, but the productiveness of nature, and 

 the capacities of human industry. And what 

 are human wants ? The first is food. This can 

 be procured only from the soil. Hence, the first 

 and most universal of human pursuits is agri- 

 cullure. The first item, in a nation's wealth is 

 cultivated land. Before this, every other species 

 of property dwindles into insignificance, and 

 strange as it may seem, the greatest investment 

 ill this country, the most costly production of 

 human industry, is the common fences which di- 

 vide the fields from the hit'hlands, and separate 

 them fiom each other. No man dreams, that 

 when compared with the outlay of these unpre- 

 tending monuments of human art, our cities and 

 our towns, with all tlfcir wealth are left far be- 

 hind. You will scarce believe me, when I say 

 that the fences of this country have cost more 

 than twenty times the specie there is in it. In 

 many of the counties in the Northern States, the 

 fences have cost more than the farins and fences 

 are worth. It is this enormous burden, there 

 can be no doubt, which keeps down the agricul- 

 tural interest of this country, and it is freedom 

 from it which enables the north of Europe, with 

 a worse climate and an indifferent system of 

 cultivation, to undersell us in the markets of 

 England. There, travellers tell us!, fences are 

 almost unknown. The herds and flocks are 

 under the care of herdsmen and shepherds, and 

 thus an untold expenditure is saved, liesides the 

 loss of the land which the fences occupy and 

 the accumulation of soil, that, with the most 

 careful management, is apt to be thrown up 

 around them by the plough. 



The farmer contributes to the wealth of a 

 country by Ids perpetual toil. Every thing be- 

 gins with him. Every day of the year has its 

 various and ils continuous operations, all direct- 

 ed, however, to this one point, to bring the great- 

 est quantity of produce from a given number of 

 acres. Such is the nature of his work, that little 

 can be done to expedite or shorten the process. 

 Every foot of every field must be passed over by 

 the plough. There are no fire-hor.ses yet invent- 

 ed lo do this at the rate of twenty miles an hour. 

 Tli^ ploughman, therefore tnnst rise early and 

 work lale. His labors too must be generally 

 confined to the hours when the sun is above the 

 horizon. In autumn and winter these are k\\. 

 He must work the hauler during that part of the 

 year when the days are long. Every indiislrious 

 farmer is continually adding to the substantial 

 and permanent wealth of a nation. He is cou- 

 liniially adding to the productive [lower, whicli 

 is the best species of wealth. His savings, if 

 any he makes, go back into the soil, to increase 

 ils fcrlilily, or they go into fixtures, whicli add 

 comfort or diiinnish the labors of all coming 

 years. The savings of the farmer, and he can- 

 not make any thing only by the most assiduous 

 industry, increase the fund that is most wanting, 

 especially in such a country as tlii.«, i. e. agricul- 

 tural capital. The iarmeis of this country can 

 flo nothing, they say for the want of money. 

 How are they ever lo get il, but by the iinjirove- 

 ment of their farms? as things have been man- 

 aged in this country bilherto, there lias been a 

 tendency to deterioration. 



The radical mistake has lieen committed of 

 supposing that tlie best investment lor the farm- 

 er is the purchase of more land, whereas, in 

 most instances, the latter policy would have been 

 the better cultivation of that which he already 

 had. The plan has been to exhaust the soil of 

 one field, aiul then turn to anolher. Such a )ilaii 

 can result in nothing but ruin. Nothing has 

 been more neglected in this country than agri- 

 cnllure. The soil of the United States is capa- 

 ble of sustaining two hundred millions of inhab- 

 itants better than it sustains seventeen. 



Eighty years ago the population of England 

 and \Vales was only six millions, and a most mis- 

 erable living did they get, black bread, barley 

 cakes, and oatmeal porridge, were the main 

 food of the rural population. Since that lime, 

 the population has more than doubled, and, in 



