1G3 



FARMERS' REGISTER. 



[No. 3. 



organ, where the ovaries are situated, between 

 the thin bands [or membranes] of the ligaments 

 suspending the uterus, he seizes one of the ova- 

 ries, which he detaches from its posterior part 

 with the thumb and fore-finger; he passes this 

 over the convexity of the ovary, to separate it 

 completely from the peritoneal ligament, which 

 sustains it: then he seizes the ovary in his hand, 

 draws it gently, and by means of the thumb nail, 

 he scrapes the vessels and the fallopian tube upon 

 the fore finger, which presents a point of support 

 under these vessels. Finally, he breaks the cord, 

 which is the object in view, by gently drawing it, 

 as he makes it undergo the scraping with the 

 nail, and the ovary is brought out. He then again 

 introduces the hand into the abdomen, and pro- 

 ceeds in like manner fto extract the other ovary. 

 Then the wound is closed by stitches secured with 

 the wooden pegs, taking care not to close entirely 

 the lower part, in order not to hinder the discharge 

 of the matter, which, without this precaution, 

 would spread between the skin and the muscles, 

 and within the abdomen, and might cause ill ef- 

 fects which are avoided by favoring its passage 

 out. 



"The ovaries may also be drawn out of the 

 opening made in the flank, and then detached 

 with the ends of the fingers: but this mode may 

 be attended with inconveniencies. Besides, it is 

 not more expeditious than the course I have di- 

 rected, because it often happens that the ovary es- 

 capes from the hand, and that the operator has 

 again to introduce his arm to search ibr it. 



"Two or three days after the operation, the 

 wound must be dressed. For the dressing it. is 

 only necessary to foment twice a day all around 

 the wound with lukewarm mallows — to keep it 

 clean, and in warm weather to inject in the wound 

 the water of Labarraque. Every time of dress- 

 ing the wound; the aperture should be covered 

 with a little tow placed between the two pegs, to 

 prevent any dirt getting in, and which is secured 

 with thread in its place. The wound being pro- 

 perly dressed twice a day, will cure of itself in 

 fifteen days, or at most three weeks. 



"It is seen from what has been stated above, 

 that the effect of spaying is not merely as has 

 been said, to keep the milk producing faculties at 

 the height at which they were before the opera- 

 tion, but rather at a height above the previous de- 

 gree of those faculties; which, without contradic- 

 tion, is an important advantage, and especially if 

 it is true that this faculty is preserved during many 

 years. 



The wounds of the cows of M. Francillon on 

 which I operated, were dressed by his servant — 

 and thus it ought to be managed, to avoid the ex- 

 pense of having the dressings attended to by a 

 veterinary surgeon. For if this practice should 

 spread, it is necessary to make it cheap, that it 

 may occasion as little expense, and render as great 

 advantages to proprietors as possible, and such as 

 I hope they will derive." 



From the Fruit Cultivator. 



SOILS SUITABLE FOR APPLE TREES. ' MR. 

 knight's OPINION OF GRAFTED TREES 

 ERRONEOUS. 



Deep rich soils, in sheltered situations, are not 

 the most proper for the apple, though such have 



been most erroneously recommended by writers 

 who ought to have known better. For it is often 

 seen that apple trees succeed well in any kind of 

 loam, though it be not more than one foot in depth, 

 so as the bottom is sound and dry: the roots take 

 an extensive horizontal range, the young wood is 

 always of more moderate growth, and belter ri- 

 pened than where roots strike dee]) into the 

 ground. 



The golden pippin being one of our most use- 

 ful and esteemed hardy fruits, the author trusts he 

 will be forgiven for entering more at large into its 

 history and management than he has thought ne- 

 cessary in the preceding notices of other inferior 

 kinds of apples, especially as there has been, for 

 several years past, an idea prevalent, that this 

 country was about to lose this fine fruit forever. In 

 Mr. Knight's Treatise on Orchard Fruit, the 

 doctrine was first broached, that all our varieties 

 and sub- varieties of fruits have but a temporary 

 existence. They are raised from seed, to flourish 

 for an uncertain number of years, and, after arriv- 

 ing at their maximum of health and fertility, grad- 

 ually sink to decay, and at length disappear. 

 Taking this idea as a rule, the golden pippin was 

 judged to be in this last stage of existence; and it 

 was predicted, that not only were the old full 

 grown trees to disappear, but all the young ones, 

 lately worked from them, would perish also. It 

 must be admitted, that a great majority of the old 

 golden pippin trees in Herefordshire, and in other 

 parts of the kingdom, were, about the time Mr, 

 Knight wrote his treatise, in an apparent state of 

 decay; and. moreover, that, young trees of the 

 same sort could but with difficulty be made to 

 grow and bear so ireely as they had previously 

 done. These failures, however, were accounted 

 for in another way than that propounded by Mr. 

 Knight. It was observed, that the old trees, 

 having probably all been planted about the same 

 time, and having arrived at their natural period 

 of healthy existence, were like all other trees, fal- 

 ling to decay from sheer old age; and that the 

 contemporaneous weakness and debility of the 

 youncr lately planted trees were caused by a care- 

 less choice of grafts, by working them on impro- 

 per stocks, and planting them in old worn out soil, 

 instead of in fresh, well trenched, light, loamy 

 situations. This latter opinion was the more fea- 

 sible, because there were many middle aged trees 

 in different parts of the kingdom, which were in 

 full vigor and bearing; and though young plants 

 planted in old gardens and orchards were unthrifty 

 such as were properly planted in newly broken up 

 ground, provided they were worked on the best 

 crab stocks, succeeded as well as ever. 



This being the opinion of the author respecting 

 the failure of the old golden pippin, end ail other 

 sorts of apples, he gave the subject his best con- 

 sideration, and set about proving how far his own 

 conjectures were well or ill founded; and, after the 

 experience of forty years, he has come to the fol- 

 lowing conclusion; viz., that if crab stocks be 

 raised from the most healthy wild trees, properly 

 treated, and planted out in the nursery, and work- 

 ed with the most healthy moderate sized scions, 

 cut from the top of sound healthy trees, and, 

 when fit for final transplantation, be placed on well 

 trenched light fresh loam, having a dry bottom of 

 rock or chalk, the trees will assuredly prosper 

 without fear of disappointment. On the other 



