iTHE GENESEE FARMER. 



389 



a cooler temperature, remained dormant, and, conse- 

 quently, escaped injury I'roin frost. "We still think 

 this idea, to a certain extent, correct. Qltktelkt's 

 obserrations at Brussels, show that at nine o'clock in 

 the m()rnin2, during the spring, the temperature at 

 the surface of the ground was 35*^, and at 10 feet 

 elevation it was between 2" and 3'^ lower. We 

 should certainly expect that, during sunny days, the 

 temperature near the surface would be, from reHec- 

 tiou of the sun's rays, much higher than at ten or 

 twenty feet above, and had Quetelet's observations 

 been made at noon, instead of 9 a. m., they would 

 probably have shown even a still greater increase of 

 temperature between the surface and 10 feet elevation. 

 We may conclude, therefore, that the buds on the 

 lower branches of trees are not only more liable to 

 be started by the heat reflected from the ground, 

 during sunny days, but are also exposed to a lower 

 temperature during frosty nights. The observations 

 in the garden of the Horticultural Society, were made 

 on alevel surface. Had it been a side hill, the result 

 may have been different, for it can hardly be doubted 

 that the air, as it becomes cooled and heavier by 

 contact with the earth, would roll down to a lower 

 level, while warm air, rushing in to fill the place, 

 would keep up the night temperature of an orchard 

 so situated. 



HOETICULTUEAL OPEKATIONS FOE SEPIEMBEK. 



' Raspbfrkies. — The raspberry season will be now 

 over, and the fruit of all the early varieties, or those 

 except the late monthlies will be all picked, and the 

 plantations will require pruning and cleaning. Take 

 a strong knife, and carefully cut out, without twist- 

 ing and breaking, close to the ground, all the old 

 canes that have borne fruit the present season, and 

 carefully tie, but loosely, so as not to cramp the 

 young foliage, all the young canes of this summer's 

 growth up to the stakes. Now apply a moderately 

 good coat of rotten manure and lightly fork it in. — 

 I>o not shorten the young canes, but allow them to 

 grow the remainder of the fall and thoroughly ripen 

 their wood ; for from these the fruit will be expected 

 the following season. This month will, also, be a 

 good time to prepare the ground for new plantations 

 — this fall or next spring ; but I very much prefer 

 fall planting to that of spring, if the ground be not 

 too wet so as to subject the newly planted plants to 

 severe winter freezing and heaving. But if they are 

 carefully planted in the fall, in moderately dry ground 

 and fine weather, and without exposing their roots 

 very much to the atmosphere, the earth has time to 

 become settled about them and they start into 

 growth, in the following spring, with as much vigor 

 as though they had not been removed, and make 

 fine caues for fruiting the year following. Let the 

 ground be thoroughly trenched twenty-four or thirty 

 inches deep, throwing out the stones and incorporat- 

 ing plenty of manure as the work is being proceeded 

 with. See directions last month. 



Cabbage. — From the first, to the tenth of the 

 month, will be a good time to sow seed of early York, 

 or early Winnings'adt cabbage, to be wintered over 

 for early summer use. If properly managed, they 

 will be a week or ten days earlier than those from 

 the spring sowings. Prepare a piece of nice, light, 

 rich soil, and sow the seed in drills, burying them half 

 an inch ; press the soil gently upon the seeds, and, 



if dry weather, water them every evening. They will 

 be up in eight or ten days. Should they fail, sow 

 again immediately. Some cauliflower may be sown 

 in the same way. Directions for wintering will be 

 given next month. 



Another sowing of Early Scarlet Short-top radish 

 may be made. Sow in drills four inches apart, and 

 half an inch deep ; press the earth on the seed 

 lightly, and water in dry weather ; when up, thin out 

 to two inches apart in the rows. 



Carefully proceed with the earthing up of the 

 Celery. See directions in July number. 



Attend to the pruning and training of the toma- 

 toes, and should they be in danger of being nipped 

 by the frost, toward the latter end of the month, 

 some of the best plants may be puUed up and hung 

 by their heels in a dry shed, and many of the greea 

 fruit will still ripen. Josiah Saltks. 



SPIR.EA CALLOSA. 



This beautiful shrub proves perfectly hardy in this 

 countiy. We have frequently recommended it to 

 our readers, and now present a portrait of the flowa* 

 which we have had drawn and engraved from a plant 

 growing in the grounds of Messrs. Ellwamger & 

 Barry, of this city. 



The leader in the last Gardeners^ Chronicle, (the 

 best horticultural journal in the world,) fully sustains 

 all that we have said in favor of this plant. We 

 cojjy it entire. 



What is toe handsomest flowering hardy sheub 

 of July, after the Rose ? Some may say the Fuchfia, 

 but it is scarcely an ornament of July ; others nwiy 

 point to the Scarlet Geranium, but it is tender ; a 

 third will po=isibly contend for the Berberis aquif'ilium ; 

 and we should acquiesce in the decision if flowers 

 constituted the beauty of that glorious Evergreen ; 

 but it is a fruit, and not a flower of July. For our- 

 selves we contend, without the least hesitation, for 

 Spirtea callosa. 



