CRANBERRY ICE 



By Henry J. Franklin 

 Research Professor in Charge of the Cranberry Station 



CONTENTS 



Page 



Winter ice 26 



In the soil 26 



On bog flowage 26 



Ice sanding 27 



Hail damage 28 



Massachusetts 28 



New Jersey ' 30 



Wisconsin 30 



Winterkilling 31 



Massachusetts 32 



New Jersey 33 



Wisconsin 33 



Cranberry frosts 34 



Spring frosts 34 



Fall frosts 36 



Cranberry observing stations. ... 37 



Minimum Temperature Formulas 40 



Conditions related to frost occurrence 

 on cranberry bogs and injury 



therefrom 43 



Pressure 43 



Cloudiness 43 



Wind 43 



Rainfall 45 



Mean temperature before frosts. . 47 



Dew 49 



Ground fog 49 



Bog resistance " 49 



Page 



Vine growth 49 



Watching frosts SO 



Weather map 50 



Weather instruments SO 



Table showing temperature of 



dewpoint 52 



Weather sequence and frost occurrence SS 



Sunspots and vulcanism 57 



Massachusetts 57 



New Jersey 58 



Wisconsin 58 



Solar constant 59 



Moon phases and frost occurrence. ... 59 



Bog protection from frost 60 



Bog surroundings 60 



Moss 61 



Fallen leaves 61 



Defrosting with water 61 



Chemicals 61 



Wind machines 61 



Cloth screens 62 



Smoke 62 



Heaters 62 



Sprinkling systems 62 



Resanding 63 



Flooding 64 



Frost injury on Massachusetts bogs. . 65 



This paper tries to cover all matters in cranberry culture involving the freezing 

 of water. Knowledge of large losses by frost, winterkilling, and hail is necessary 

 for any proper study of other relations of weather to cranberry yields. The lists 

 of such losses included here were compiled mainly from the records of experiment 

 stations and Individuals, the reports of meetings and conventions of cranberry 

 growers' associations, ^ publications of the United States Weather Bureau, and 

 old files of local newspapers.^ They are believed to be fairly complete for Mass- 

 achusetts since 1867 and for New Jersey and Wisconsin since 1874. The frequency 

 and extent of these losses suggest that the records of selected years may lead to 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: — The writer acknowledges his obligations for advice and help 

 received in the preparation of this paper and the work it covers to officials of the United States 

 Weather Bureau, particularly those in charge of the Boston ofhce the last thirty years — the late 

 John W. Smith, the late T. L. Bridges, G. A. Loveland, and G. H. Noyes: to Dr. C. G. Abbot, 

 secretary of the Smithsonian Institution; Dr. C. F. Brooks, director of the Blue Hill Meteorological 

 Observatory; Dr. Harlan T. Stetson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Dr. F. A. 

 Brooks of the California Agricultural Experiment Station; Salvatore Pagliuca, director of the Yan- 

 kee Network Weather Service; Dr. N. E. Stevens of the department of botany of the University of 

 Illinois; H. F. Bain of the Bureau of Plant Industry; C. S. Beckwith, in charge of the New Jersey 

 cranberry and blueberry laboratory; Vernon Goldsworthy, manager of the Wisconsin Cranberry 

 Sales Co.; J. L. Kelley, assistant at the Cranberry Station at East Wareham; Rev. R. M. Barker, 

 weather expert of Gloucester; L. M. Rogers, formerly cranberry field man of the Wisconsin De- 

 partment of Agriculture; and D. J. Crowley in charge of the Washington Cranberry Experiment 

 Station; and to faithful special weather observers. 



1 Particularly the American Cranberry Growers' Association. 



^Especially the following: The Yarmouth Register, Yarmouth, Mass., The Barnstable Patriot, 

 Barnstable, Mass., The Wareham Courier, Wareham, Mass., The Middleboro Gazette, Middle- 

 boro, Mass., The Old Colony Memorial. Plymouth, Mass., The Berlin Courant and The Berlin 

 Journal, Berlin, Wis., and The New Jersey Mirror, Mount Holly, N. J. 



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