ELF 



EMP 



12- 



ness, is found to be good, as the 

 strength of manures does not es- 

 cape through it. A stratum of 

 clayey gravel, or mere clay, or al- 

 most any that is not too easily pen- 

 etrated, is good : But one of loose 

 sand or gravel must necessarily be 

 bad, as the soil above it will not 

 hold its manure. See Soil. 



EFFLUVIA. The effluvia of 

 rotten s-ubstances are supposed to 

 breed diseases. The farmer,there- 

 fore, should be cautious that he do 

 not breathe in the steams of his old 

 dung-hills more than is necessary, 

 especially when they have a disa- 

 greeable stench. And the greatest 

 care should be taken to remove or 

 cover up all the filth of the house, 

 and of the hog-pen, which no doubt 

 occasions some of those autumnal 

 epidemic diseases, not unfrequent- 

 ly as fatal in country villages, in 

 proportion to numbers, as in the 

 thicker settled towns on the coast. 



ELDER, Sambucus nigra, an ill 

 smelhng shrub, which grows plen- 

 tifully in most parts of this country, 

 produces a black berry, and is too 

 well known to need describing. I 

 mention it, because it is believed 

 to be an excellent antidote against 

 destructive insects. It may be 

 well for farmers to try solutions of 

 it, by sprinkling it over plants, in- 

 fected with lice or insects of any 

 sort. 



The juice of elder, it is said,kills 

 skippers in meat, cheese, &;c. 



ELFSHOT, OR ELFSHOT- 

 TEN, a disease in horned cattle, 

 the symptoms or concomitants of 

 which are slugglishness and loss of 

 appetite. The original of the name 

 seems to have been a superstitious 



opinion, that cattle were shotten 

 and wounded by elves, or fairies. 

 The disease, however, is not ima- 

 ginary. It is believed to be an 

 opening in the peritonaeum, or film 

 of the belly, caused by relaxation. 

 It resembles a hole made by a bul- 

 let, and may be felt through the 

 skin which remains unhirt. These 

 openings are closed, and the ani- 

 mals cured, by rubbing the part 

 with salt and water. It should be 

 repeated two or three times in the 

 course of a day. 



ELM, Ulmus Americana, a tree 

 that is commonly found in our for- 

 ests. It is tall and beautiful, long- 

 lived, and grows to a large size. — 

 The wood is not apt to split, or 

 crack ; and is very fit for the naves 

 of wheels for carriages. Of this 

 tree there are said to be two varie- 

 ties, the white and the red. The 

 elm is a proper tree to plant in 

 groves. It is sightly and durable ; 

 and not apt to be broken by high 

 winds. 



EMPLOYMENT. No one 

 that considers the condition of a 

 farmer, can doubt of his having 

 sufficient employment. He has so 

 many objects to attend to, that his 

 life must be filled up with careful- 

 ness or exercise. If he grow re- 

 miss, he will soon find that he has 

 lost something through neglect, or 

 failed of availing himself of some 

 advantage. 



In our climate, besides care,the 

 farmers are necessarily hurried 

 with their business during much the 

 greater part of the year,that is, from 

 April to November inclusive. But 

 in the winter,they may be in som^ 

 danger of spending some of their 



