438 



ST\ 



SUM 



they are well dried, and have some- 

 wh.it decayed, they may be con- 

 quered by tire, where there is 

 plenty of wood to pile on them. 

 But before this k« attempted, the 

 earth should be removed from their 

 sifies, and if practicable from un- 

 derneath them, allowing them a 

 few days to dry. \ good method 

 of destroying the stumps of white 

 pine trees is, to dig up the smaller 

 ones, and pile them round the 

 larger ; and when they have be- 

 come dry, set fire to them. 



The stumps of trees are such 

 hindrances to the operations of til- 

 lage, as greatly diminish the protit 

 of farming. Where land abounds 

 with them, they are equal to a 

 heavy tax. This should be con- 

 sidered by those who have the 

 power of taxing new settlements. 

 It is horrid oppression, to tax lands 

 that are full of ttumps of trees, 

 equally with the oldest and most 

 improved. 



STY, a small house, or hut, in 

 which hogs are kept, or lodged. 



Hogs that are not confined should 

 always have a sty, or cot, to lodge 

 in, placed in a convenient situation, 

 and easy of access. It should be 

 very tight, warm and dry, of what- 

 ever maierials it may be built, and 

 kept well littered : For if swine 

 have not a warm lodging, or are 

 much pinched with the cold, they 

 will be injured in their growth. 



That a sty may be the warmer, 

 the door of it should be no larger 

 than is needful for the swine to 

 pass through. And a door should 

 be hung in this passage by the top, 

 that it may be pushed up by their 

 noses, either inwards or outwards, 



as there shall be occasion. The 

 swine will not fail to open it, and 

 it will shut of itself. See Hogsty. 

 SUBSOIL. The value of a soil de- 

 pends mucli upon the nature of the 

 subsoil, or under stratum. A reten- 

 tive clayey subsoil is injurious to 

 land, which is naturally moist. But 

 a clayey subsoil is serviceable to a 

 sandy soil, by retaining moisture, 

 and supplying what is carried off by 

 evaporation, or consumed by plants. 

 When the surface soil is thin, a 

 stony subsoil is generally prejudi- 

 cial, unless it be composed of lime- 

 stone, and then the soil, though 

 thin, is remarkably fertile. 



SUCKER, a young twig, or 

 shoot, from the stock, roots, or 

 limbs, of a plant or tree. 



SUNFLOWER, Htlianthus, one 

 of the largest of annual plants, so 

 well known as to need no descrip- 

 tion. 



The sunflower is a native of 

 America; but has been carried in- 

 to England, where it flourishes. 

 It bears very large discous flowers, 

 and produces a large quantity of 

 black seeds, which are of use for 

 feeding poultry. 



The seeds should be sowed early. 

 They will grow in almost any soil. 

 The young plants may be trans- 

 planted at any time, before they 

 are six or seven inches high, only 

 observing to take up a ball of earth 

 about their roots. They should 

 be placed in the northern borders 

 of gardens, if in gardens at all, 

 where they will do the least harm 

 to other plants by their shadow ; 

 and they should stand not less than 

 two feet asunder. They will rise 

 to the height of a dozen or fourteen 

 feet. 



