WAL 



W A T 



483 



and the like, produce these bad 

 effects in the greatest degree. 



2. Waggons are better for the 

 roads, as the wheels do not make 

 so deep impressions in ^he ground 

 as those of carts. The load bear- 

 ing equally on four wheels, each 

 wheel bears but half so much 

 weight as one wheel of a cart. 

 Consequently, a waggon wheel 

 presses the ground with but half 

 the force of a cart wheel ; and 

 therefore penetrates to but half the 

 depth ; supposing the tire in both 

 to be of equal breadth. If team- 

 sters used only waggons upon our 

 roads, the roads would soon be 

 found to be greatly mended, as 

 they would be freed from those 

 deep ruts, which are so disagreea- 

 ble and dangerous to travellers. 



WALL, the principal part of a 

 building, serving both to enclose 

 and support it. 



The walls with which farmers 

 are most concerned are fences of 

 stone upon their farms. See the 

 article Fence. The walls of cel- 

 lars, even in the poorest farm 

 houses, ought to be so constructed 

 as to keep out all frost. There- 

 fore the upper half of the wall 

 should be laid in good lime mor- 

 tar. This will render banking to 

 keep out frost unnecessary. And 

 banking should be avoided, as it 

 causes the sills of houses to decay. 

 It requires yearly attention and la- 

 bour, and gives to a house an ill 

 appearance. 



When brick walls are to be built 

 for houses, &c. particular care 

 should be taken in laying the bricks. 

 In summer they should be laid as 

 wet, and in winter as dry as possi- 



ble, to make them bind the better 

 with the mortar. In summer, ihey 

 should be covered up as fast as 

 they are laid, to prevent the wall 

 from drying too fast. In winter, 

 they should be well covered to 

 protect them from snow, rain, and 

 frost, which are all hurtful to the 

 cement. But in the coldest part 

 of winter mason work can hardly 

 be performed at all in this country. 

 Walls laid in this season are not 

 expected to be durable. 



WARBLES, small hard tumours 

 on the saddle part of a horse's back, 

 occasioned by the heat of the sad- 

 dle in travelling. They are usu- 

 ally called Saddle Boils, 



A hot greasy dish clout frequent- 

 ly applied will sometimes cure 

 them. W^hen this fails, campho- 

 rated spirit of wine will be found 

 more ei}'< ctual ; especially if a lit- 

 tle of the spirit of sal ammoniac 

 be added. 



WA TKR, a simple, transparent 

 fluid, which becomes solid with a 

 certain degree of cold. 



A general division of this fluid is 

 into salt and fresh. But accoidmg 

 to Dr. Shaw, it seems divisible into 

 as many diflferent species, as the 

 earth is into strata or beds. Thus 

 there are mineral waters, of vari- 

 ous kinds, according to the mineral 

 substances through which they 

 pass, and by which they are by any 

 means impregnated. Water may 

 therefore be as compounded a body 

 as earth; and perhaps neither of 

 them can any where be found per- 

 fectly pure or unmixed. 



Water is of infinite use in all the 

 works both of nature and art ; as 

 without it there could be no gene- 



