<S:i)c Iax\mf5 i\lon\l)[^ hmiox. 



11 



time a dozen useful citizens were iiecnstomed to 

 leiive it. Every njun wlio perlbriiis Ills part in 

 fiiii-li a work, liowever <il)srine hisdustiny in oili- 

 er respects, ornoisefess liispiitli of iile, is a pnl) 

 lie lienetiu-lor, and a pjitriot. TliC iiiiinblcst la- 

 borer in Sneli a cause 



• " Serves his country, recnnipensns well 



The state benc;itli llie shadow of whose vine 

 H'e sits secure, and in the Bc:ile of life 

 Holds no it^nohle, if a sliwhtci!, place. 

 The man whose virtues arc more felt than seen, 

 Must drop indeed the hope of noisy praise ; 

 But he may bo.Tst what few that win it can, 

 That if his country stand not by liis slvill, 

 At least his lollies have not wrought her fall." 



Effects of Expansion. 



A cannon hall, when heated, raniint be made 

 to enter an opening |hroii;;li which, when cold, it 

 passes rapidly. \ j.'lass stO|>per, stickin;; fast in 

 the neck of a botlle, may bo released by snr- 

 romidin;; the neck wilhacjolh taken onl ofvvarni 

 water, or by immersiiiir the botile in the water 

 up to the neck. The b'ndins rin;; is thus heated 

 nnd expandeil sooner than the stopper, and so 

 becomes slack or loose; upon it. I'l|ies for con- 

 veyinjf hot water, steam, hot air, &c., if of con- 

 siderable length, must have ioiain,i;s tiiat allow a 

 dei:ree of sbortenin;? and lenglhenin!,', otherwise 

 chaiijie of temperatni'e may destroy them. An 

 ini'ompetent pei'son imdertook to warm a lar^'e 

 mamifactory by steam, liom one boiler. He laid 

 a risid main pipe alonj; a passa;:e, and opened 

 lateral branches thronjih holes into the sevei'al 

 aparlments; lint, on his lirst ailmittinj; the steam, 

 the expansion of the main pipe tore it away from 

 all its iiranches. In an iron railin};', a jiate which, 

 diirinc a colil day, mai' be loose, and easily shut 

 or opened, in a warm day may stick, owini; to 

 there beinii trrealer e.xpansirm of it and of the 

 neii;hborinir railin;;, than of the earth on which 

 tbey are placed. Thus, also, the centre of the 

 arch of an iron bridge is higher in warm llian in 

 cold weather; while, on the contrary, in a sus- 

 pension or chain bridge, the centre is lowered. 

 The iron pillars now so much nse<l to support the 

 I'ront walls to houses, of which the ijronnd stories 

 serve as shops, with spacious windows, in warm 

 weather really lift up the wall which rests upon 

 tliem ; and in cold weather allow it a^rain to sink 

 or subside in a decree considerably greater than 

 if the wall were biick from top to bottom. The 

 pitch of a piano fc)rte is lowered in a warm day, 

 or in a warm room, owios; to the expansion of 

 the strings being greater than the wooden frame 

 work; and in cold, the reverse will happen. A 

 harp or piano, which is well tmied in a morinng 

 drawing-room, cannot be perfectly in tune when 

 the crowded evening party has heated the room. 

 Bell-wires, too slack in summer, may be of the 

 proper length in winter. There exists a most 

 extraordinary exception to the law ol' expansion 

 by heat, and conti'action In cold, producing un- 

 speakable benefits in nature — namely, in the case 

 of water. Water contracts, according to the law, 

 only down to the temperature of forty degi'ees; 

 while, from that to thiiiy-two degrees, which is 

 its fi'eezing point, it again tlilates. 



A very curinu.i conseipience of this peculiarity 

 is exhibited in the wells of the glaciers of Swit- 

 zerland and (dse« here, that when once a pool or 

 shallow well on the ice commences, it goes on 

 quickly deejiening itself, until it penetrates to 

 the earth lieneath. Supposing the sin'face of the 

 water originally to have nearly the temperature 

 of the melting ice, or thirty-two degrees, but to 

 be afterwards heated by the .-lir and sun, insteail 

 of the water being thereby dilated, or specifical- 

 ly higher and detained at the surface, it becomes 

 heavier the more nearly it is heated to forty de- 

 grees, and therefore sinks to the bottom of the 

 pit, or well ; but there, by dissolving some of the 

 ice, and lieing conseipiently cooled, it is aaain 

 rendered lighter,and rises to be heated as before, 

 again to descend. 



From the Massachusetts Plou:^hman. 

 Furm Work for Febrsiary. 



Remember this is the shortest mouth in the 

 twelve. Perhaps you will recollect better if the 

 truth be told in metre: 



Thirty days hath September, 



April. June, and November^ 



Siiort Feb. hath 23 alone. 



'I'lic other months have thirty-one. 



We once heard a farmer eav that this is the 



most useful stanza he ever saw. He was a titili- 

 l.nian of the first water, Imt he did not abound in 

 musical nerves. 



Cattle nnist have hay and water, and if yon 

 have roots so much the better. Make use of your 

 corn stover before spring — handle yoni' cattle and 

 make them gentle, both steers and heifers; and 

 whether they have lice or not, rub a little lump oil 

 on their slundders and at the roots of the horns. 

 This is sure to destroy lice as nngninlum or to- 

 bacco, and it is not injurious to the cattle. Skim- 

 mings of the pot also are excellent banes for lice, 

 the salt contributing to render them a destructive 

 bed. 



Cows that calve in February must be nursed 

 with care. Cold water should not be alloue<l 

 them soim after calving. A paillid of water with 

 a shovelliil of hot embers thrown in to warm it a 

 little, is found to be a good drink for the first. 



Ill all cases when it can be done, the cow 

 should be milked clean before the calf takes his 

 turn; he must take the slripfpiugs, and it is no 

 III liter how cle ui he draws off the milk since the 

 udiler, in such case, will imt be likely lo become 

 hard. Tlie cow will geni;rally driidc the first 

 milk if she has not had access to water before 

 milking. 



HOV/ TO TREAT SWINE IN THE STRAW. 



Before the month is out many will expect lit- 

 ters of pigs in their styes. Sows shonhl not be 

 disturbed before littering — ^they must have ample 

 room, and they ought to he kept separate from 

 other hogs. Many litters have been wholly de- 

 stroyed by troidiling the mother hefi)i'e she had 

 fiirly fixed her straw bed. It is not good lo dis- 

 turb, or remove her to a new pen at any time 

 within a mouth of littering. 



The sow must not be fed soon after the birth 

 of the pigs; no hearty food should be given for 

 '34 hours after. Warm swill, not rich, may he 

 administered, but be very cautious of rich food for 

 two or three d.nys. 



It often happens that the sow will destroy her 

 own pigs; she will eat them. To prevent ihi.s, 

 slices of salt pork may be given to her, as she 

 often seems to have an uuaccoiuitable desii"e lor 

 meat at such times. After the pigs are old 

 enougli to draw off all the milk, the mother may 

 be fed better, and in one week her food cannot 

 he made too rich. 



You will ask whei'e will be the harm of feed- 

 ing well before the mother has got fairly out of 

 the straw? We have no theory to offer, in an- 

 swer, hut we know that by offei-ing rich foorl too 

 soon, the ap|)etite of the mother is so cloyed that 

 she loathes lier meals and pines away for a long 

 time after. 



CALVES. 



These animals require the best of hay during 

 the first winter, and if they can have a fnw po- 

 tatoes or other roots they will he more likely to 

 become cows at the age of two than if kept on 

 poor fodder. A little meal will not hurt them in 

 case the hav is poor. 



Colts shonhl learn to eat from high racks; 

 there will then be no need of reining them in so 

 tight when in the harness. Colts must not have 

 much grain. 



It is a pleasant business to take care of stock 

 througli the svinier, when barns are marie con- 

 venient and cattle can bo kept clean. It is de- 

 lightful to see cattle comfortable in the inclement 

 season of the year, when, but for the care of man, 

 they must perish for wan; of food. By admin- 

 istering to their wants man cultivates his faculty 

 of benevolence, and stamls as much higher than 

 he who protects no helfiless creatures as parents 

 stand highei' in the scale of benevolence than 

 those who have no care of offspring. 



Boston and OI^•CIN^'ATI.— The Cincinnati Phi- 

 lanthrspist says: — "When the Sandusky Rail 

 Road is finished, Cincinnati will be within three 

 days of Boston. From Cincinnati to the Lake 

 the distance may be accomplished easily in six- 

 teen hours; a magnificent sieam packet will then 

 receive the passengers and transport them to 

 Bnffido in 20 hours; and from Buffalo to Boston 

 they will go by rail road, savin t!iirty-fbiu' hours; 

 the whole distance from Cincinnati to Boston 

 rei|uiriug (Uily seventy hours. Does this predic- 

 tion startle any one.' In a few years it uill pass 

 into history and be regarded as a very conjmyn- 

 place fact." 



England and France. 



The following "iVotes" we copy from the 

 Magazine of Horticulture, but with iidditions and 

 emendations by the author. 

 .Voles on Eitgltinil and France, during two several 



visils lo those Countries, in llie years 1810, 1841 



and 1842 ; with some remarks on their Buildings 



and Horlieulture, and on Rural .fijfairs, &ic. By 



William Kenrick, Nonanlmii Hill, Newton, 



IMass. 



Liverpool, which I visited for the first time in 

 December last, is in lat. .W'-^ 27' north : and, be- 

 ing near the northwestern coast, is deemed n 

 very cold part of England. The sun rose at that 

 time and place at h. ill-past 8 o'clock, and remain- 

 ed above the hoiizon only seven hours, its great- 

 est elevation being hut thirteen degrees at noon. 

 From these causes, vegetation is neither so rapid, 

 nor is its growth so prolonged, at that place, as 

 in the more southern and inland coniuies, and in 

 the viciidty of Lonilon. The g^u■dens and nurse- 

 ry grounds of some of the most distinguished 

 cultivators are protected from cold winds by nu- 

 merous sub-divisimis of hedges, which screen 

 lh"m from the cold, thus essentially promoting 

 the growth of various tender plants. These 

 hedges being trained very close and flat, occupy 

 but little space. They consist sometimes of the 

 beech, which retains its leaves and protecting 

 power for a long time when dry, and till late in 

 winter; orlhe.Sorius hijbridus, or silver-leaved 

 mountain ash, being very handsome and well 

 furnished with bi'auches, is also sometimes used ; 

 evei'green privet being at times condiined with 

 this, or w ith the beech, to render the bottom 

 more imjiervious and secure. 



The country of England, through which I 

 passed, was generally sub-divided by hedges: it 

 seemed a rolling country, with but few stmies ; 

 and in the highest state of cultivation. These 

 hedges being planted on the edge of a ilry ditch, 

 are seldom pruned ; thus managed, they occupy 

 much grouiul ; yet though they have frequent 

 breaches, or weak p.arts, they seem to answer as 

 an effectual ft?nce to the well-trained English 

 cattle; but 1 doubt whether they would answer 

 thr ours, accustomed as ours usually are, at an 

 early age, to loam in the underbrush and woods. 

 The only perfect and properly trained hedges 

 wliich 1 have ever seen, aie those pruned in 

 pyramidal fi>rm ; thus pruned, and thus only, 

 they retain their branches to the ground, becom- 

 ing impervious to their base. 



Between London and Portsmouth are immense 

 tracts of low, barren lands, black and boggy, or 

 wet, producing only the heath, or other useless 

 herbage, and extending in some places, ;is (iir as 

 the eye can reach. From Wimbledon Common 

 to Salisbury Plaiii, and for many miles fiirther 

 south, I think 1 uinst have seen liill 50,000 acres 

 of barren or deserted lands, which I am persua- 

 ded might with skill he reclaimed. In some 

 parts, the soil appeared shallow, resting on chalk, 

 or calcareous rocks. These chalky rocks abound 

 with flint stones, which are here so .abundant, 

 that they are used in forming roads— roads thus 

 formed, being nearly as hard and as compact as 

 iron. 



In that country, and also in the north of France, 

 and especially in the vicinity or suburbs of the 

 cities of Loudon and Paris, vegetation commen- 

 ces earlier than with ns ; and it appeared to me 

 that their fi'uits, their trees, anil most other vege- 

 table productions, generally made much greater 

 growth during the whole season than is usual 

 with ns. This I ascribe, not to any natural su- 

 periority of soil, or of climate — but to the gener- 

 al system of higher cultivation, and of deep til- 

 lage, which they puisne. By this systi'm, the 

 roots strike downwards deep into the soil, from 

 whence alone they are able to dra\v conlimial 

 sources of nourishment in times of drought. 

 Yet from the comjiarative obscurity of theii- at- 

 mosphere, and other c;iuscs, these droughts arc, 

 as I understand, not near so frequent or so 

 scorching as with ns. 



Throughout those fertile districts of England 

 and of France, through which I traversed, oxen 

 were never used ; at least 1 never saw but one 

 working ox, and that ox in harness, toiling with 

 horses. About the cities of Loudon anil Paris, 

 donkies are much usi'd ; a liardy, patient, and 

 eniinenlly iisetiil race, inasmuch as they are long- 

 lived and will subsist on very oi-dinary iiu'c. The 

 heavy dray horsee of London, wliich are employ- 



