^I)c jTarmcr's iHontlilt) iHsitor. 



89 



and evening, with iIib vnicos of oci?;in, and llie 

 si.s;hiri!: cf tije wind in lier shrouds. Evci-y 

 l)roP|)er()iis breezp, which, ;j;pntly swcllinjr her 

 ssiils, helped tlie PiL'i-ini? onwmd in their cmn-se, 

 ;iwol<c new anthenjs of praise : anil when the 

 elements were wron^ht into t'tiry, neither the 

 tempest, tossini; their fi-nijile bark like a feather, 

 nor the darkness and Imwiinj;- of the rnidniiiht 

 storm, ever disturbed, in man or woman, the firm 

 nnd settled pnrpose of" their sonls, to undergo all, 

 and to do all, that the meekest patience, the 

 boldest resolution, and the liitjhest trust in God, 

 could enable hmrian beings to suffer or to per- 

 form. 



Some differences may, doubtless, be traced at 

 this day, between the descendants of the early 

 colonists of V^irginia and thosi' of New England, 

 owing to the different inrtuences and different 

 circumstances under which the respective settle- 

 ments were made. But only enough to create a 

 pleasing variety in the midst of a general resem- 

 blance. 



" -Jacks, non omnilnis rinn 



' JVec divcra lamen, qualein dtcet e^se sororeiii.'" 



known sentiments of others, and addres.sed to 

 his l()llowers motives likely to influence them. — 

 At the same time it is evident that ho himself 

 looked upon the world which he discovered as a 

 world of wealth, all ready to be seized and en- 

 joyed. 



The conquerers and the European settlers of 

 Spanish America were maiidy milit.-iry cojnman- 

 ders and common soldiers. The monarchy of 

 Sfiain was not transferre<l to this heinis|)herp. 

 but it acted in it, as it actc'il at home, thi-ougli its 

 ordinary means, and its true representative, mili- 

 tary force. The robbery and destruction of the 

 native race was the achieveinent of standing ar- 

 mies, in the riglit of the king, and by his authori- 

 ty; fighting in liis name, for the aggrandizements 

 of his power, and the, extension of his preroga- 

 tives ; with military ideas under arbitrary ma.xims, 

 a portion of that dreadful instrumentality by 

 which a perfect despotism governs a people. — 

 As there was no liberty in Spain, how could lib- 

 erty be transmitted to Spanish colonies? 



The coloni.?ts of Knglish America were of tlie 

 peo|)le, and a people already free. They were of 



But the habits, S'»ntiments and ohj"Ctsof hotli, the middle, industrious, and alreaily prospcroi 



soon becaitje modified by local causes, gruwuig 

 out of their condition in the New World; and 

 as this condition was css(^ntially alike in both, 

 and as both at once adopted the same geni'ral 

 rules and principles of English jurisprudence, 

 these differences gradually diminished. They 

 gradually disappeared by the (ii'Ogress of time, 

 and the influence of intercourse. The nece.s.-ity 

 of some degree of unimi and ('o-nperntion to de- 

 fend themselves against the savag(' trilies, tended 

 to excite ii! ihem mutual respect nnd regrual. — 

 They fought together in tlie nais against France. 

 The great and coiuuion cause of the Revolution 

 bcund them together by new links of brother- 

 hood ; and finally, fortunately, happily and glo- 

 riously, the jiresenf form ol government uniti'd 

 tiiem to form the Great Repiihlii- of the World, 

 and bound up tiieir interest and fortunes, till (he 

 whole earth sees thai there is now ibr them, in 

 present possession, as well as future hope, only 

 '• One Country, One Constitution, and One Des- 

 tiny." 



'Fhe colonization of the tropical region, and 

 the whole of the Southern parts of the Continent, 

 bv Spain and Portugal wa.s conducted on other 

 ])rincit)fes, under the influence of other motives, 

 and followed by far different consequences. — 

 From the time of its discovery, the Spanish Gov- 

 ernment pushed forward its settlements in Amer- 

 ica, not only with vigor, but with easerness; so 

 that long before the first permanent English set- 

 tlement had been accomplished, in what is now 

 the f'niled States, Spain had conquered Mexico, 

 Peru, anri Chili ; and slretidied her power over 

 nearly all the territory she ever acipiired in this 

 continent. Tlie rapidity of these conquests is to 

 be ascribed in a great degree, to the eagerness, 

 not to say the ra[)acity of those numerous bands 

 of adventurers who were stimulated to subdue 

 immense regions, and take possession of them in 

 the iiami!of the crown of Spain. The niines of 

 gold and silver were the excitements to these ef- 

 forts, and arcordinifly settlements were generally 

 made, and Spanish authority established on the 

 immediate eve of the subjugation of territory, 

 that the native po|>ulalioii might be set to work 

 by their new Spanish masters, in the 'mines. — 

 From these facts the love of gold — gold not pro- 

 duced by industry, nor acciminlated by com 

 merce, but gold diiir from its n.ulve bed in the- 

 bowels of the earth, and that i^artli ravished from 

 its rightful |)Os.session by every jiossihle degree 

 of enormity, cruelty and crime, was long the 

 governing passion in S|ianisli wars, and S|ianish 

 settlements in America. Even Columbus him- 

 self did not u holly escape the influence of this 

 base motive. 1\\ his early voyages we find him 

 passing from island to islaiul, inquiring t'very- 

 wliere for gold: as if God had opened the new 

 world to the knowledge of the old, (Uily to grati- 

 iy a passion equally senseless and sordid ; and to 

 otTer u[) millionsof an unoffending race of men 

 10 the destruciion of the sword, sharpened both 

 by cruelly and rapai-ily. And yet (^olnmhus 

 was faraliove hisageand cniihtrv. Entlinsiaslic, 

 indeed, but sober, religious aral magnanimous: 

 born to great things and ca|>able of hiah senti- 

 ments, as his noble discourse before Ferdinand 

 nnd Isabella, as well :is the whole hi.story of his 

 lifeshows. Prohablv he sacrificed much to the 



class, the inhabitants of commercial and mami- 

 facturing cities, among whom liberty first revived 

 and resfiired, after a sleep of ;i thousand years. 



in the bosom of the dark ages 



5 pain descended 



on tiie new world in tlie armed and teriihlr 

 age of her monarchy and her soldiery ; England 

 approached it in the v.inning :md popular garb of 

 personal rights, public protection and civil free- 

 dom. England transjilanted liberty to America : 

 Sjiain transplanted power. England, through 

 the agencv of private companies, and the efforts 

 of individuals, colonized this part of North 

 America, by indnstrioiisindividuals, making their 

 owui way in the wilderness, defending themselves 

 against the savages, recognisini; their right to 

 the soil, and with a general honest pnrpose of in- 

 trodncinsr knowledge as well as Christianity 

 among them. Spain stooped on South America, 

 like a lidcon on its prey. Every thing was gone. 

 Territories were acquired, by fire and sword. — 

 Citii^s were destroyed by fireanri sword. Hund- 

 reds of thousands of hiunan lieings fell by fire 

 and swiM'd. Even conversion to Clnistianiiy 

 was attenqited by fire and sw<iril. 



Behold, then, fidlow-cilizens, the difference re- 

 suhingfrom ihe operation of the two piiiiciiiles! 

 Here, to-day. on the suminitsof Bunker-Hill, and 

 at the foot of the monument, behold the differ- 

 ence ! I uoiild, lliat the (ifiy thousand voices 

 jiresent coidd proclaim it, with a shout which 

 should lie heard over the globe. Our inheritance 

 was liberty, secured and re^oilatad by law, and 

 enlighteneri by religion and knov.'ledge ; that of 

 South America was of power, stern, unrelenting, 

 tyrannical, military power. And look to the re- 

 sults, on the genia-al ;:nd aggregate ha|qiiness of 

 the human race. And behold the results, in all 

 the regions conquered by Cortez and Pizarro, and 

 the conirasted results here. I suppose the terri- 

 tory of tlie United States may amount to one 

 eighth or one tenth of that colonized by Spain 

 on this continent, and yet in all that vast region 

 there ar(),bul between one and two inillions of 

 Enroiiean color and European blood; while in 

 the United States there are fiiurteen millions 

 who rejoice in their descent fi'oiii the people of 

 the m«re northern part of Europe. 



But ws follow the difft-renee, in ihe original 

 principle of colonization, and in its character 

 and objects, still fiirlher. We must look to mor- 

 al and intellectual results; we must consider 

 conseijiiences, not only as they show themselves 

 in the greater or less multiplication of men cu' 

 the supfily of their iihysical wants — but in civili- 

 ztition, improvement .and happines.s. We must 

 inquire what progress has been made in the true 

 science of liberty, and in the knowledge of the 

 great principles of self I'overnment. 



I would not willingly say any thing on this oc- 

 casion discourteous to the new governments, 

 founded on the demolition of the power of tlie 

 Spanisli monarchy. They are yet on their Iri.il, 

 and I hope ff'i- a favorable result. But triilh, sa- 

 cred truth, and fidelity to the cause of civil lilier- 

 ty, con;pels me to say, ihat hitherto they have 

 discovered quite too much of the spirit of that 

 monarchy, from which they separated themselves. 

 Quite too iiequpnt re.sort is made to military 

 force: and quite too much of Ihe substance of 

 the people consumed, in maintaining armies, not 



for defence against fiireigii aggression only, Im 

 for enforcing obedience to domestic authority. — 

 Standing arniic\s ju-e the oppressive instrtiments 

 for governing the people, in the hands of heredi- 

 tary and arbitrary monarehs. A military repub- 

 lic, a government founded on mock elections, 

 atid siqqiorted only by the sword is a tnoveiuent 

 indeed, but a retrograde and disastrous move- 

 ment, IVom the monarchical systems. If men 

 would enjoy the blessings of Repnbli"aii govern 

 ment, they must govern tlieiuselves by reason, 

 by mutual counsel and consultation, by a sense 

 tmd feeling- of genei;il inti.-rest, ;iiid by the ac- 

 quiescence of the minority in the will of the 

 majority, pro|ierly expressed ; and above all, the 

 military must be k<qit, according to the language 

 of our iiills of rights, in strict stihordinalioti to 

 the civil authority. Wherever this lesson is not 

 both learned and practised, there can be no po- 

 litical freedom. Absurd, preposterous is it — a 

 scoff and a satire on free forms of cmistitutional 

 liberty, fin' constitutions and frames of govern- 

 ment to be prescribed by military leaders, and 

 the right of suffrage to be exercised jit the point 

 of the sword. 



i^iking all allowance for situation and climate, 

 it cannot be doubted by intelligent minds, thiit 

 the difference now e.\islii:g beiweeii North and 

 South America is justly attrihulable, in a great 

 flegree, to political institutions; and how broad 

 that difi'erence is I Suppose an assembly, in one 

 of the valleys, or on the side of one of the moun- 

 tains of the southern half of the hemis]ihere, to 

 be held, tliis (ffiy, in the neighborhood of a larga 

 city ; — what would ht? the scene pi%sented ? — 

 Yonder is a volcano, flaming and smoking, but" 

 shedding no lig'lit, monil cr inleliecti;al. At its 

 foot is the iniiie, yielding, nerlaqis, siuiielimes, 

 large gains to capital, but in whicii labor is des- 

 tined to eternal and unreqiiitted tuil, and reward- 

 ed only by penury and beggary. The city is fil- 

 let! with armed men ; not a free people, armed 

 and coming fiu'th voluntarily to rejoice in a pub- 

 lic festivity; but hireling tioo[!s. supported by 

 force<i loans, excessive imposilionsoii cnmmeree, 

 or taxes wrung from a hall' ff;d, and a h;df cloth- 

 ed population. For the great there are palaces 

 covered with gold ; liirthe poor there are hovels 

 fif the meanest sort. There is an ecclesiastical 

 hierarchy enjoying the wealth of princes ; Init 

 there are no tiieans of eiliicatiun to the peojde. — 

 Do pulilic improvements favor imercomse be- 

 tween pl.ice and pi. ice ? So iiir fiom this, that 

 the traveller cannot pass from toun to town, 

 without dang(V every mile, of i-obliery and as- 

 sassination. I would not overchiirge, <>r exagger- 

 ate ihis picture; but its principal sketches are all 

 100 true. , 



And hov," does it contrast with the scene now 

 actually befiire us? Look round upon thrse 

 fields; they are verdant and beantilid, well ciilii- 

 vaied,and at this moment lo.ided uiili the riches 

 of tlie early harvest. The lumtls whiclitill tlieni 

 are fi'ee owners of the soil, enjoying equal righls, 

 and |irotected by law fl'om opjircssion and tyran- 

 ny. Look to the thousand vessels in our sight^ 

 filling the harbors, or covering the neighboring 

 sea. They are the inslrmiienls of a profitable 

 commerce, carried on by men uh" know that ihe 

 proHls of their hardy euterprize, w hen they make 

 them, are their own ; and this coiumerco is eii- 

 conr.iged and regulated by \\ise laws, and defend- 

 ed, when need be. Ivy the valor and pnlrioiism id' 

 the country. Look to that lidr ciiy, the tihode of 

 so much diirused wcallli,N'^o rniicli general happi- 

 ness ;;iid comfort ; so much personal indepen- 

 dence, and so much general knowledge. She 

 fears no forced c(nitribiitionp, no siegi^ cu' sacking 

 li'om iniliuiry leaders of rival fiirtimis. The 

 hundred temple.=, in which her citizens worship 

 God, are in no danger of sacrilege. The regn- 

 la.r adininislration of the laws encounters no ob- 

 stacle. The long processions of children and 

 youth, whicli you see this day, issuing by ihoii- 

 sand.s from the ti'ee schools, prove the care anil 

 anxiety, with which a popnlr.r government pro- 

 vides for the education and morals of ihe people. 

 Every where there is order; every where there 

 .is security. Every where the law reaches to the 

 highest, and reaches to the lowest, to protect him 

 in his rights, and to restrain him fiom wrong; 

 and ovw all hovers liberiy, that liheriy which our 

 liithers fought, and fell ftu', on tlinfe very spot, with 

 her eye ever watchful, ai <1 her eagle wing e\er 

 wide out spread. 



