92 



^\)t Javmer's iUoTSti)tt) xlisitor. 



liv fii|)|ilyiiig tbe teiiniits with the raw iiiiitenals, 

 siicii as lo.ini, jkxI, li-aves, and every oihiT vt>^e- 

 lahle substance. Peat and meadow tniid may be 

 ccmvei-ted into a vahiable compost when satnra- 

 ted with tbe materials uC the barn y.-.rd. 



B. S. 



WfiKAT Culture in FbaiNCE. — The Revue rfes 

 Economisles comains a statistical table iM(Mealii)st 

 tbe actnal state of tbe production and eultme of 

 wheat in France. 



More than two-fifliis of the lill.-ible laiiil I'n the 

 kingdom is appropriated to llie cuitivatinn of this 

 prodnct, coveriiii; an extent of snrfice ol' two 

 tbo'isaml eight hnndred sqnare leasnes, eqnal to 

 one-tenth part of the whole sn))erficies ol' France. 

 Of every hniulred acres, llierefore, that arecnlti- 

 vated, forty are sowed with wheat. The propor- 

 tion ot' land so eniphiyud is by far the greatest 

 in the SonlliW(!ste]|i De[)arlmenr. 



No country in Enrope appi-oacbes France in 

 the extent of country cidlivated in wheat, Spain 

 comes next lb it, bavitij; a triHe more than liaK 

 tbe nnantity, and next tbe British Isles, with a 

 liiile more than one tliird. The proportion of 

 the crop to tbe .'•eed in France is us six and a 

 quarter to one. 



Bin ibon^'h at the Sonibwest t!ie wheat covers 

 larjrer extent of surfice, the p'rodnrt to tbe acre fa'o Commercial Advertiser 

 is much less then in the Beparimeut of Nord, 



make forty-five pounds of flour, and each barrel 

 of tbe former to contain one bundred and nijiely- 

 six pounds, the total of pomids \\i\!>fjlern millions 

 sixty-four thoiisnndjive hwiidred und tliirlij two .' — 

 Durm^'tbe saUK^ period there was si;nt troni ibis 

 city aloni^' with this inmiense tpiantily of flnnr, 

 thirteen himdred forlji-eii^ht thousnnd two hundred 

 and l/tirteen pounds of butler and lard. 'I'here 

 .WIS also sent over two and a quarter millions of 

 pearlaslf and other ashes. Now, if tbe good 

 people on the road will furnish proper " wetting" 

 and the ])laoe to bake it in, we will put tuo 

 pounils of jrood flour in each foot of cake, and 

 lard, hmter and saleratns enoush to match, and 

 treat them with acontininius Short Cake_/'o!(r/cen 

 hundred twenlij-six thousand mites and one hundred 

 and cifrhti/ rods ton;^. 



One end of tliis cake might be placed in the 

 capital of .^lifsomi. iind the other would not only 

 reach to Bosloii, but it would " slirk out" over the 

 Atlantic some Iwt hnudred mile.s. Of this, all 

 the people in tbe United States njigbt eat an<l be 

 filed without a mirairle, besides giving tbe fish 

 of llie great deep a "glorious nibble." 



As an addenda So tbe above, it will be seen that 

 wilhiu the last 24 bo'.us there have arrived in port 

 ov,r 3.5,000 barrels of flout, and 3.3.000 husbels 

 of. v\ beat and other articles in proportion. — [Biif- 



Oise, Seine and Mnrnc, at the Nori'ri, and Finis- 

 terre in Brittany. This results either from great- 

 c:- '.'erliliiy of soil In the latter, or from .superior 

 cuitivalion, im" more probably from both. 



Tbe quantity of wheat produced iii France, is 

 .Tn'aier than the- i-.sriiregale of that raised in tiii> 

 British Islands,i-wpfleii, Poland, Pruss'a. HoH.-i.'kI, 

 Belgium and Sp.-iiu. fhis fact attests the extra- 

 ordinary feriiliiy of that conniry, which iias nev- 

 er yet been more tli:m partially developeil. 



in France e.ich iuh.abitaut consumes on an av- 

 era'_'e aiuunily, 210 litres (A' wheat: the British 

 Islands, IfiS; in Spain, l".i7 ; in Holland, .57 ; in 

 Pru.-isia, o6; iu Poland, 25: in Sweden, 8. (Tbe 

 litre is a measure containitig somewhat more 

 than a pin.t.) In tbe north of E(uope the iidiabi- 

 lanls use rye and barley almost exclusively. Tbe 

 h\<\\, every body knows, live im potatoes. 



Tiu^ value of the seventy millions hectolitres of 

 ^^i■eat r.-iisei! amuially in France is one thousand 

 four bmirlred millions of irimcs, ,S2)V2,.500,C00.) 

 Two hundred a.nd .seventy one millions in value 

 are raised in teji de[;artmeuls only, principally 

 at the North ; while ten others, cbieily in the cen- 

 tre, produce but nineu-cn millions. The value 

 b;is no fixed relation to ihe tpiantily in diffi-rent 

 districts of country. Tbe price in diff-rent sec- 

 liim.s varies consiilerahly. being ■ilways lov;er at 

 i!;e North, where tbe qnautiiy produceiS is l.irger, 

 than at lla; Soulb. The etfecls (if this meiinality 

 of prodnciion .are frequently nianilested in asc.-u- 

 (iiy Ht one exiremiiy of the country, v\l]en a glut 

 in tbe market almost c.inses ruin to the cnlliva- 

 tors in llie f>lher. Tbe levelling operalion of 

 railroads uiil idiimately remove this source of 

 eudiarrassment. 



France exporis very lillle, if any wbent. Elev- 

 en or Hvelve iiiiilions, m' huclolitres being used 

 liir seed, ibere remains bul tifiy eight millions, 

 which is almost wholly cmisnmed in the country. 

 I^he annual ni-erage of individual ronsumfition 

 of wheat in France is one hectolitre and liu'cc: 

 fourths. A reasonalile suppfv for each individual 

 being three hectolitres per annum, it follows ili.at 

 tbe deficiency of oni'aud a quarter ^cdo'.'i/'S nnisl 

 be supplied li-om other products, — rye, barley, 

 in.aize, b'lckwlip.at, potatoes, and cbesinns. To 

 suhstitnte wheat for these, the prodiu'lion uuist 

 be increased forty (bur millions. This lesull 

 may come to pass. Accordin? to ihe ambor of 

 these tables ihe produclion has been (bmbled 

 nearly in the last eight ye;us. — A". Y. Journal of 

 Commerce. 



,..l 



Fjr tile Fiirtr.pr's MtinthI} Visitor, 

 Horse and Cow. 



.A horse costs the (irice of three cows. The 

 annual expense of kee|)ing bim is about three 

 times .IS much, if we include bissboKing. He is 

 worn om or nearly loses bis value in ten years, 

 which is a loss of ten per cent per annum upon 

 tbe cost. 'I'bus if we give for liifn seventy-five 

 dollars, that is gone in ten years: keepijig and 

 shoeing, say forty dollars a year, is in ten years 

 four huinlred dollars, making four bundretl and 

 sevculy-fivc dollars in all. 'f lius liir every horse 

 a faraier may kee[) beyond wb.Mt may be neces- 

 sary tor farm work is equal to Ibrty-seven dollars 

 fifty cents out of pocket each year. Upon the 

 Doctor Franklin cilcniation that a penny saved 

 is eqnal to two earned. Ibis ibrly-seveu dollars 

 fifty-cents is equal to niiiely-live dollars ; lor if 

 we lose or expend forty-seven dollars and fifty 

 cents, it is gone, ;disoinlely out ol' pocket; and 

 we h;!ve to earn that amomu before we can pos- 

 sess it. Now biul we saved it, and put it with 

 the same ainoimt earned it would come to ninety- 

 five dollars as plain as can be made. 



Let us now look after tbe cow: an excellent 

 one can be had for twenty-five dollars. She will 

 last fiir ten years, and rn.ake on aii average fifiy 

 dollars worib of butter and cheese per \ear, 

 which m.ay be set down as clear gain, ihr tbe 

 skinmied milk will pay for ber keeping. This is 

 for ten years a gr.in of five hundred dollars; fin' 

 at Ihe em) of that lime she will bring her origin- 

 al cost for beef, uaiUiug tbe cost .about balanced. 



Now how stamis ihe Xwo accounts of horse 

 and cow ,' At tbe em) of ten years, Dr. borse 

 1^470. Cr. cow §.500. That i.s, ue have or may 

 have for om- cow invcstinenl five buiulred bright 

 dollars to buy bmd with, or fit out our daughter 

 in marriage, or pm out at i'terest; where.as he- 

 lore we can gel the 8475 which ihe horse h.as 

 cost us, we must earn it. Let us reflect then, 

 an<l see if we have not too n^any favorile colts 

 upon our bands, kept not because we waul them 

 f(u' use, but 10 please Tommy or Hilly; and for 

 c;ich horse we Sf|l we c.iii buy two or three con s 

 th,-\t will make tlie woild prosper and enable us 

 io look tbe tax collector in the face. P. 



are ever tetnpted to purchase on credit, put it ofT 



for three d.iys. You need time for refiectiuii. 



Never beg fruit, or anything else you can pro- 

 duce by the expendilme of a little time or labor. 

 It is as reasonable to expect a man to give away 

 the products of his wheat field, as of his ortdiard 

 or fruit garden. 



If yuH keep your sheep and cattle in _\0Lir 

 mearlows until June, don't coni|)laiu next winter 

 because you are compelled to purchase hay for 

 yonr stock. 



Tbe man who n.ses good seed, has a good soil, 

 and works it in good season, rarely fails of having 

 a good crop to reward bis toil. 



Never forfeit yom- word. The saying in trntb, 

 of any fai-mer, " his word is as good as his bond," 

 is worth more to him than the interest of S10,0CH) 

 annuallv. — AT. Y. Cultivator. 



from tilt? U. S. Gnz^ttp. 

 THE JOURNEYMAN PRINTER. 



A mental l.imp hung out by life's wayside, 



Unnotice;! ; yet his uu:,re1endiiig ray 



Shines clearly ou man's intellectual v/ay. 

 And prnvps to pilgrims an unlaibng guide. 

 He has witliiii a worthy sort of pride, 



A:al knov.'s his worth, though some allow it not: 



A heart, a thinking mind, above his lot, 

 'Mon:; men ar,^ his. His cofTeriiiU supplied; 



Yet want and virtue seldom ask m vain ; 



Nor in his life exempt from various pain ; 

 Few days are his — the rose that freshly bhiom'd 



On boyhood's cheek asr:umes the hue of death ; 



The uil of life within him soon consumed, 

 F.'re two ,scnre years and ten he yields his fatal breath, 

 Fhiladelplaa, August 18, 1842, Tam, 



A Long Short (Iake. — Bread stnft's form an 

 !m|,ori;.nt item in the rapidly growing conmierce 

 of this city. To ilhislrate the exieut of Ibis 

 branch of our trade, we h.ive made a small cal- 

 culation which will be foiuul to been entiiely 

 correct. 



Dmiiia the last wpek in May there were seni 

 from HiifTido via. tbe canal, sixty-one thousand 

 and ninety-seven barrels of f^our, and sixty-eiitbi 

 tbonsaiid .six hundred and fifty-si.>: bushels of 

 wheat. Allowing each husliel of the filler to 



Tliinss to be Remembered. 



Honses should never be pnl to severe work on 

 a full stomach. Jlore burses are hurt by hard 

 rirt\ ing alter a full feed, than by a full feed after 

 hard driving. 



If the fiirmer wishes to have bis pork iiarrel 

 and meal chest hold out, let bim look vvei! to his 

 kitchen garden. Plenty of vegetables conduce 

 not more to health tliau to profit, 



[n l;iying in a stock of winter fodder for ani- 

 mals, let it not be forgotten that a little loo niucli 

 is just enough. Starvir,g animals at any time is 

 miserable policy. 



As you treat your land so it «ill ireat you, 

 Fceil it with maiinres liliLrally, ar.d it wiM yiebl 

 von bread homiliinlly. 



.Avoid debl as you would the leprosy. If \ou 



!ViANi;KACTi;nt: of Ma.vure. — If you have a 

 family and keep a horse and cow — or cow only 

 — you are able to manufacture, annually, one 

 hundred cords of manure, which s'lail be worth 

 to you or to purchasers, wlio will be glad to pay 

 you life money tor it, nine sbillings, or even two 

 dollars per cord. 



Sup|Hise your barn is near your house. Sup- 

 pose, also, you dig and stone iqi a large vault 

 under the "barn, wifo. which all the mine of ihe 

 borse or cow, and llieir other excrements, shall 

 be deposiird. Let your si|»k drain also lead into 

 this repository. On the way, between tbe sink 

 and the barn, letPtbe privy be placed, niider 

 which the soap suds and oilier washings fioiii 

 llie sink shall lie discharged, on a plaiik fiooi', 

 into the depository under the barn. Let (Ant be 

 the ciinmon receptacle of tbe ."ink, privy and 

 stable. Keep a liorse or ox cart, or even a 

 wheel barrow, — and between April and Novem- 

 ber, be sure to carry into that vault sods or other 

 materials from the ioads and fields, amonnting 

 to three cords per week, for tbe uliole season. 

 The next s|iriug you wilt have at le.-.st, one hun- 

 dred and fifty cords of niatilire, saturated with 

 animal and luinian excrement, and the washings 

 o'' the sink and wash room,'^, wliicli uill be of 

 the stroiigesl and best kinds, and \vbicli will be 

 worth every cent of two dollars jier cord. In all 

 human probability, the contents would bring you 

 uvo hnudred dollars. Is this not worth the 

 pains? It may all be made so much clear gam, 

 uitb little or no jiecuni.iry cost to the house- 

 keeper. — H'../}. Dreu's Ploui^h Boy. 



Catde and Sheep of Great Britaiu. 



We find the following in a late English journal, 

 and give it for tbe purpose of comparing it wiili 

 some of our own statistics .anil prices : 



"Tbe total number of horned cattle in the 

 United Kiuiidorn, is estimated at 7,000 000, .and 

 the total mniiber of sheep at 32 000,0(10. Valu- 

 ing the first, |u>r head, at £10, and the last at 25s., 

 both together will give a total value of £1 10,000,- 

 00(1." 



Ill tbe Unil,-d States, according to the census 

 of 18S9, the iimnber of sheep 20,000,000. But 

 the difference in Ihe estimated value is the most 

 striking point iti the comparison. There, the 

 a\erage value is put at about $45 for the cattle, 

 ai'.d about S6 fm- the sheep. Here, an avenge 

 price of $12 lor the cattle, and .91,50 lor the 

 sheep, must be consideied a libei'id estimate. 

 This fact shows why ibe prices of meat are so 

 liigli in Gieat Britaiu, and proves that we ought 

 to be able Io furnish them a supply of beef at 

 remnneratmg piices. We ihink it clear that iu 

 llie present position of trade, tariffs, and prices, 

 u fair export trade in beef and pork to England, 

 may be exiiected — .V. Y. Cultivator. 



