114 



£{)c i^aiinci's lUontl)l|i bisitor. 



I'"rom the Piirmer's Advocate. 



There isasiitisliiciion in suiy^ssfiil experirneiils 

 wliicli re\vill■(l^: the opir.itur, iiulepeiKleiilly ol the 

 pnifit wliii-li limy lir ileiUcd lioiii llitiii. It' llie 

 eX|ieriiiieiilw iiroves iiiisiiccessliil, lie not only 

 meets <iisM|i|M>iiitMroiit, lint olteli snst;iilis losses 

 Ijolh of lime miij |ji.j|" in ; lint wjieie im expeii- 

 tliellt IMIi lie ii<:|r)e \tillll>iit liiiziinl tu H 1111111'^ 

 inirse or reputation, tind ilieie is un even chance 

 iiir success, J c^in see no li.irin in nmkiiij; one. — 

 Umler these precnntiorls, induced hy rending a 

 coiiMiiiiiiicatiuii in the Cultivator, wriiten nearly 

 three years auo, hy a ;::enth-inan whose name I 

 have rorv'OtleiijWho reconiinended tlie course I am 

 alioiit to de,«cri!)e, I at once removed my slahle 

 floor and let my horse furnish material.* for his 

 own lied, Nviih the addition of a little litter, where 

 he lodi;ed ijciitir as coml'orlahly thioiijili the w inter 

 as he had done on a plaiiU floor, ke|it clean. In 

 the sprini;, 1 had, I sliouhl jndge doidile the quan- 

 tity of mannre from my liorse,iin<l that was not 

 all, it was north tuice as winch liy the load as 

 when thrown into the yard, as had formerly heen 

 my practice, ami the ailvantai;e has outdone my 

 most saiifroine e.speciations, and my horse has 

 wintered quite as well as formerly npoii a floor, 

 and the lahorof levellini; and littering is le.ss than 

 cleaning my stahle The manure w hen taken out 

 in the sprim; is hiirldy impregnated with anmio- 

 liia, which we have reason to suppose constitutes 

 the most valnahie part of the manure; lint is so 

 volatile that it soon evaporates on heiiiL' exposed 

 to the weather. I think that horse manure wastes 

 inore on beins; exposed to the sun, air, and rains, 

 ihan that of any oilier animals, and tliat -every 

 one would find his advantage in keepinjr it hous- 

 ed, who prefers having his horse lie upon a floor, 

 — iModern huilt harns.ue generally furnished with 

 cellai's; my leinarks iiere more particularly apply 

 to those like myself, v.lio liave old harns without 

 cellars. Those w ho lia\ e harn cellars have great- 

 ly itie advantage of those ulio have none, as they 

 rail cfiiiduct all the iiqnid exi'remeuts away with 

 the mass \; hic'h is quite as vnhi.ahle, and contains 

 the laiiiesl quantity of ammonia, which, heiii^' 

 thrown out doors, is mostlv lost hy heing washed 

 H itli rain and e.xposed to evaporation in the suii- 

 gjiine. 



I fully helievc in the -statement of the laleHon. 

 Timothy Pickering, in re:;^!"d to the impoitanie 

 of saving the urine of anim:.ls for manure. 1 

 have now let my horse lie w ithout a floor three 

 winters, and have applied his mamrre tu the soil 

 with Miiexperted re.sidis\ I formerly considered 

 njy horse manure of lint little valuf w hen thrown 

 out doors from day t(> day, l>ut now I can tell 

 within a ytird when,' it has heen spread, hy the 

 side of thai thrown from the stahle :ind exposed 

 to llie weather, hy llie more vigorous cro|is which 

 spiinsr from it. Farmers in the country, remote 

 from large village.s, generally cannot purchase 

 inaiiure, and if lliey ii.i;;hl, 1 very lunch doiihi 

 whether tiie extra -iiiciime from it wonhl rewaril 

 them liir ihe expense :iiiil hdior of puivhasimr 

 and hauling dunz friusi distant cities ; tlieretlire 

 ev.'iy hint V. hicli may instruct us how to enlarge 

 ami i.iiprove i>ur qii iiililies ot' manure, is of im- 

 portance to every larmer, and sometimes "con- 

 trivance is more profitaljJe than liaril work.'" 



SIL.AS .BUOW.N. 



Wilmington, July 5, 1843. • 



F'jr the Furiiier's ^Joiithly \'is!tor. 

 Hominy. 

 To THi. l^nivor. of the Visitos; 



In the article contained in your last upon \\io 

 West and tar West, it is stated that '• llog and 

 lliiniiuy" is the Tood of the West. Your com 

 posiior appeared to li.ivo stumhied at the void 

 honvr.'i, lor ii is primed huming, whUdi is perhaps 

 the hiiilt of Ihe wrmr in tiie curtlessiie.ss of hit 

 maniiscri|t. This ariii-le hominy is .111 excellent, 

 wli'desome, and nmrieioiis food, very liiile used 

 in New England at the present day, hut well 

 kninvii to our tJilhers inider the name iit' srtmp, 

 tmd was donliiless oiiiaiiied from the Indians li\ 

 our Puritan I'lliiri ■ s. The Indians still use this 

 dish, and it is most common in neiv setilf uieiiis 

 of the whiles where mills are distant. Honiinv 

 IS made Irom Iniliaii corn, which is pni into a 

 large mortar ntide of wood, usually the hutt of a 

 tree of hard wood. The corn issoaked liir a 

 short time in wat«r. „i- what is hetter weak lev. 

 when it is pounded a sufficient lime to take off 

 the hulls or skiu of the corn, and the kernel is 



also hrokeii at llie ir'aine lime, it is then dried 

 and die hull winnoweil out. Jn this stale it is 

 then hoiled fiu' a numher of hours in a small 

 qualiliiy of water over a slow lire iiiilil llie whole 

 is tender. This is then seasoned with butter, 

 pork fator ham grease, and is eaten in the f'oiith 

 and West with almost every meal, especially in 

 winter wheii llie weather is cool. Jt may he seen 

 in all the Soiiiriern markets ready hoiled, made 

 from white corn, and sold hy the quart usually 

 hy a <'olored woman (iiegre.ss or muhilto) in u 

 clean white apron and very inviting in appear- 

 ance, almost as white as hoiled rice. Our \. E. 

 girls who goto reside in the far Wist soon learn 

 practically how this dish is prepared, and with 

 no other articles than hacon and corn will pre- 

 pare a rep.ist so good that the guesl or traveller 

 desiies no greater lu.xurv. V. 



From the Maine (_^ultivalor. 



An Attempt to Demonstrate the Cause of the 

 Kolaiy Motion of the £ai'th. 



The investiyatinu of those laws which govern 

 the heavenly hoilies, and the relation sustained to 

 lhem»liy the earth, is attended with more flifli- 

 ciilly than terreslrial bodies, inasmuch, as we can 

 olitain a knowledixe of the lalter by aclual ex- 

 periment, while of the former we c.Uiiiol; yet, 

 we can trace the relations between the niiitions 

 of terrestrial and celestial bodies, and this we will 

 do ill the present I'ase. 



All, who have uiriiessed the spinning of a top, 

 have doubtless oh.served, that when first put in 

 motion, it moves in an ellipse, and, at the same 

 time, has a motion upon its own axi.s, tliat altera 

 short time, its ellipitical motion ceases, but lis 

 rotary motion coniinnes. The cause of this 

 change of motion appears to he, that the friction 

 between the point of the top and the surface 

 upon which it moves, is greater than the friction 

 lieiween the air and the top ; that the top (if J 

 may so express myself,)' seeks that kind of ino 

 tioii which is attended with the least resistance, 

 :ind consequently its motion liei'omes rotary en- 

 tirely. Now hy Newton's Principia, hook J. 

 page JP, law J, it appears that if boilies set in mo- 

 tion meet w ilh no resistance, they always coii- 

 litiiie that motion! but the planets meet with no 

 resistance or friction; consetpieiitly if the force, 

 which put the planets in inoiion. hud been like 

 that which put the lop in motion, they would al- 

 ways retain both their elliptical .■iiid rotary ino- 

 ti<in. 



Aiiain, I think it can he proved, that the rot.iry 

 motion of tlie earth is a necessary re.s'dt of the 

 laws of aiiraciioii : (or the attractive [lowers are 

 reciproially as the squares of the distances, and 

 weight is .■ittractioii to a central point; let us 

 now suppose the earth not to move on its axis, 

 and that one and the sami' side is presented next 

 to the sun; then the sun vyoiild atiract that side 

 more strongly than the ojqiosite side, that would 

 make rlie aitraclion towards the celitro of the 

 earth less on the side nearest to Ihe sun, Ihr.n 011 

 uie other sidi' ; consequently that siile whieli- is 

 nearest tlin sun, would not be so he;ivy as llie 

 opposite sale; nuw lei lis see what wciiild be Ilit. 

 ertcct ; if we lake a piece of pith ami attach a 

 piece of lead to one end of it, .-.iid place it with 

 -he light side do.vir^nd ihe heavy siile up, it will 

 in.staiiily invert its posikion, that is, the heavy 

 part 'v ill move towards the centre of aitraclion ; 

 (•(Miseqiiently reasoning fr/mi analogy," I infer, 

 ili.it ilie heavier part of the earth Woidd, fall or 

 iiirii towards thi; centre of a'traction, tlic sim. 

 The .'ame reasoiiin" will equally' apply to the 

 other planets. Indeed (lie correctness of it aj.'- 

 pear? lo be confirmed by the fiict, tliist no ap- 

 pearance of a diurnal moiioii oi' ihe plane! (ler- 

 scliel has yet b'l'n discoveied : since being til 

 such an iinmen>-e di^lanee from thp'.>=<m its di- 

 ameii'r Iwars a.very small proportion to it, there- 

 line ihe ilifference of the sun's astr.iciion will be 

 less on. the ptiiis iieaiesl to imd fiulliest from it. 

 Is is sftvident that the dinriial motions of tlie 

 planets will not <-ease, upon this principle, since 

 while they are turniii^' to the sun, the- preponder- 

 ance of w,:iu:lil will he turning frimi tin! sun, lliiis 

 making them perpetual. It may also be suppos 

 ed, that ill falling towanls the sun, it would, like 

 a petidiiliim. <.'aiii sufficient motueiiium to carry 

 as liir from the sun, iind also would make the 

 moiidii peijielnal. 



The .innuu! motion of ihe Enrth. — Having ex- 

 amined the laws of the earth's diurnal motion, 



let 118 proceed to examine, or rather lo invi;sti- 

 gale the laws of its annual motion. The causes 

 of liolh motions appear to me 10 be one and llic 

 same, viz: attraciion, for, it has already been 

 ilemonstrated, that the sun's attraciion being 

 slioiiger on that side of ihe earth, which is near- 

 est to him. has a te;ideiicy to render that ide of 

 die earth li'ililer than die oilier; now iMr. Kofjer 

 CoieSiin his preface 10 Sir Lsiiac Newton's Prin- 

 cipia, says, '"Let the mass of tlie eartli be dis- 

 litmuished inio any two parts whatever, eitner 

 equal, or any how unequal ; now if the weights 

 of the pans towards each other were not mutii- 

 ;dly equal, the lesser sveighl would give way 10 

 the greater, and the two parts joined lognher 

 would move on ad iufiiiilinu in a right line to- 

 wards that part lo which the greater weight 

 lends: but we have shown llial the tejuleniy ol 

 the preponderance of terrestrial weight or gravi- 

 ty is from the sim, coii.sequenlly il, alter this ef- 

 fect had been produced, the attracliim ol ihe sim 

 should cease, I infer as a corrollary to the state- 

 ment of Mr. Cotes, that the earili would move 

 from liie sun in a right line iid iiifiiiiliim: and 

 I this perhaps will account for llie cause of the 

 ! ceiitrifu^ial force, but the attraction of the sun 

 dies not cease: and, the ewtli having a rotary mo- 

 tion, and not obeying either of the tijrces, vshicli 

 are contrary to each other, t;ikes a course be- 

 tween lhem,and consequently will revolve round 

 the sun in a circle, or nearly so. 



Tims far, we have endeavored 10 d'-monslrale 

 in a theorelicHi manner, thai the diurnal motion 

 of the earth is caused hy the alti.iclion of the 

 sun; we vyill now endeavor to demoiistiate it 

 mathematically; in order to do which, we mtisl 

 find the Ibrce of the sou's attraction upon the 

 earth; since attraciion is inversely propuilional 

 as the square of the dist.ince, ill order to rind the 

 attractive power of the earth as far oft' as the 

 sun, we must divide 'Xj.OOO.OOO hy 3.965, the 

 radius of the earth, then divide 16 feet by ihe 

 square of the Jihme qnotieiil, for the dislance, 

 llirough which the earth would altract a boily at 

 that distance in oni" second of lime : now since 

 the quantity of matter in the sun is 3.JO,000 limes 

 as great iis that of llie earth, and aliraction being 

 as the qiiaiiliiy of matter, we must miilliply 

 this last resiili iiy 3:50,000 liir ihe distance whicii 

 die sun would utlracl the e;irtli or a particle 

 of matter on the ea^li in a .second of time, 

 which dislance is less ihaii ,0] of a foot. Now 

 there are 3,600 seconds in an hour, and ,01 mid- 

 tiplied I'.y the square of 3,C0O, will give tl:e dis- 

 t.ince ill feet during an horn; this divided by 

 T>.;i60 will L'ive the distance in miles (hiring an 

 hour, which is 03 nearly ; this distance is a vers- 

 ed sine, which being subtracted from 3,y6.5. the 

 radius t'f llie earth, will leave 3,94"2 fiir a cosine ; 

 iheii as 3,965 radius of the earth is to 3,942, the 

 cosine, so is 11,000,000 tabular radius 10 cosine Q 

 degrees 11 iniunles.* 



Sir lsa:ic Newton, in his Primijii.i. hook 3, 

 paiie 31.7. Lemma 2, .says "The total fiace or 

 power of all the panicles situated every where 

 about the sphere to liirR.the e^rih about the axis, 

 is to llio whole force of the like numher of par- 

 ticles, iiniHiriiily disposed round the whole cir- 

 euiiil''ereiice of ihe equator in the fas-hiou of a 

 ring, to liirii ihe whole earlli about wiih the like 

 circid.ir jnotion .-is 2 to .5. Now since by the 

 eartli's diurnal moiion, the ceiilriliigal force is 

 greatest at the equator, and con.st qiieiuly the 

 particles c.f ihe poles will slldiMlovvn ioshe eqiai- 

 lor, and ihereline form into a ring; then 2:5:: 

 (■;- : 1.^" and 3(10" divideii In 15° =24 hours. 



Perhaps the aliove theory, may explain why 

 the ti.lej! rise on iioih sides ot the tarih :il the 

 same time; for, the.>'im and llie moon allraciing 

 the vvjter oil that side of tIKe e.utli nearest 10 

 ;hi-m, cause a tenileney of the prepoiuler.inee of 

 wei;;ht lo shift tow.-irds the other side; ihis will 

 cause a motion of ihe piirlielesof fluid that Way, 

 and coiiseqneiitly the tides will rii-e Oil both sides 

 of Ihe carih at the same time. 



* In Webtier's Mithem.Tlics. vol. 9. it is sinted. thntac- 

 cniifiL' ti> i\ir Isanc Newton, the Sun at Us mean ttisiance 

 IVoiii liie £.irili subienils an an.:)e ut' 32 minuic:; loser- 

 oiulsj einpinvmg this ivitli ulher ilal.! gi?cn in his Prin- 

 ripia. I nbl:ii:i :;s a result le^s than .six degrees. Wliereas, 

 arciirclin^ to the abiive calculaU'in bv either dun, it is 

 more than six dei^ree?. 1 Ihercliire lake as a mcdiuio be- 

 tween the two resuUs, six decrees. 



A nail in that front boaidof the barndoor wil 

 save the expense of a new board. 



