180 



®I)C Jarmcv'r: i!Iont!]iij bisitar. 



laiiil, 111 tlie Isle of \Vij;lit, iiiid visiiiii"; Poiis- 

 iriOiilli .-iiul Biiijlilon on llio wjiv to Loiuloii ninl 

 till." towns in the viciTiily, xva.-; Ilirongii lii-ljiiuni, 

 lli)ll^;nl — IVoiii Anish'iilnin iti llMiiiliijr},^ to Kiel 

 ill DePiiiiirk. iVoto'KicI to Co)ii'iili.'ii;e.ii, jiiid lioiii 

 C'i|)i;iilia^en to El.^im'iiriiiirl Gotli'iiliii-;; in tiwe- 

 d ■:!; tVonj GotieiiiiiMir to Clii'it^tiaiia and ilie in- 

 I'Tior ol' Norway. From Norv. ay tliK writer re- 

 traced Ins ftHiis'to (iolienhnr,:;', and llience liy 

 |iost and ranal to tin; oajjitol oi" Sweden. In 

 Sweden lie visited l'|isal;: and tlie mininjr dis- 

 tricts. Retnrning to SioeUlioIrn lie took |ias^!-a<^e 

 (or Alio and Revel in Finland, and llience to 

 Cron.siadt anr! St. I'cterKhnr^'. In Russia he 

 travelled from ei;jlil(:rn Imndred to two llionsand 

 ■■liies, nine leinlis <ii' the distanee hy the land 

 .•oiivpyances of the eonnlry. Poland came next 

 in liis ronle, and entering' the rountry npon the 

 Rfi'-sian (Vuntier, he !eit it by llie Riussian. His 

 lonfe in I'rnssia, aClfr visiting' IJerlin, Polsdinn, 

 atid all (daees of interest in the vicinity, was liy 

 mail road to Li-ipsic, and iheme lo Dresden l)y 

 the same conveyance, 'iavini spent a few ('ays 

 in Saxony, we passeil on iiy land anil water to 

 I'ra;;ne, and conlinncd onr ronte thion^di Bohe- 

 mia to Linz on the Danid)e, descending which 

 we fniind onr way to Vienna. Onr ronto afier 

 visilini.' all t!ie conn'ry in the iieii;hhorhood wixa 

 to Trieste, acros.« the Slyrian ,Vlj)S to Trieste, 

 thence hy the Adriatic to Venice. By Padna, 

 Ferrara, Bolojnn, Florence, Rome and Naples 

 we reached the Mediterranean, leaving Na|)les 

 lor Le>;horn, Pisa ai'd Gei!0:>. 



By Pavia we reaclicd Milan, anj re-entered 

 Sardi'iia after crossiiiij the Simpion. Swltzer- 

 lanc) came next, and ai'le" I'C.ssii::^ many pleasai;t 

 days npon the lakes and iiiOimtains, we leCl Ge- 

 noa l>y the Jura monnlains ami (mtered Paris hy 

 the interestinir province ot" Burgundy, ('<dh)"in^ 

 the Seine fioin Dijon liy the capitol. By Rouen 

 and Havre we re-entered Enj'laml, and after 

 travellinjr one thoiisainl miles in Enj.'l.md, Ire- 

 laed, and Scotland, took passage Iroin Liverpool 

 to New York in the ship, which in sijilit of land 

 and home, had well nigh given ns ii grave be- 

 neath the .s'^a. 



We have nipntioned hot few of the places we 

 visilerl ; — the time of alisence was a few days 

 sh'ivt of ei'ihl months. Onr travelling: expenses 

 were a little more than one thousand dollars. The 

 distance, inclndiii}; tivo vo\a^es ticross the At- 

 lar.tie, about nineteen ihousaiiil miles. 



The most expensive ciMsntry for travelling we 

 visited was Russia. England came next, and 

 then Wollatid. In N'orway, Denmark. Si\eden, 

 Poland, Prussia, Austria, and till the German 

 coniitrv, expenses are about the same ;is they 

 are in the United States. In Italy anrl France, 

 iraveHins is cheapi r than with ns. in Russia, 

 one of the most expensive ilem-s iis v.elJ ;is the 

 i;reatesi annoyance, is iiassport,*. The cnsioin 

 n'' feeini; servants [ircvails all ovi'r Fmope, aiid 

 the demand is le^'ion. At the respe<-taliie hotels 

 in rinjrhiiid. waiter, ohanibermaid and bool.s ex- 

 pect a per dieni of fifty cetits. If yoti ride a 

 limidrecl miles np.oh an En^ilisli or Irish mail 

 coach yon must pay the ynard atid the coach- 

 man, who demand at least two Enulish shiliinjis- 

 eaeli. Tlie list of smnlries, too, are many for 

 porlera^'c. Railroad travelling in En.^Iand is 

 very expen-ive, and l!^e price in the second class 

 cars is considerably more (ban in the liisl class 

 ears in the United .States. In Prussia, S.i.xoiiv 

 and Austria, where alto<rpther there ate about 

 three or four liiimln A mil.s fif railroads coni- 

 |ileied, railroad iravelliiur is .ahont the same as 

 with us. In Frctiice, the dilTcrence is not mate- 

 rial, but in the secoiid class cars, wiiicli are gen- 

 erally equal to our best, the price of travel is 

 cheaper. Tiavelliir^ hy coaches in Great Britain 

 varies from S4,50 to S8 tiir one hundred n.'iles, 

 the inside seats bein^ most expensive, and in 

 iiood weather the least comfijrlalile. The prices 

 in the French and It.tlian (liM;;ence alto vary,ar><l 

 olnost in the same rat o. Throughout ahiiost 

 ail Europe, boarding is alrnosl a piece-work bii- 

 sine.«s. .'\ Dane, Swede and Norweiiian w ill eat 

 foiirortiw tneals-ii day; atid a Fretichman nev- 

 •er more than two. Ea'cli 'pa\s for what he has, 

 and the amount of a bill of course depends alto- 

 gether upon ihe latie<. and appetite of the travel- 

 ler. More we miahtadd, ami liave ,i;iveii in the 

 series of letters we have «iilien, and which are 

 now in the (aims,-- of publication. Our present 

 aim has been only lo comply witli the wishes of 

 s veial c_prresjjoiuleiit8.". 



£(iuivuleut of Vaiiciis Plants to liny, &c. 



We fed the follo»\in>; table of eipuvalenis in 

 t"m,ilh's lianslaiion of Burgher's Economy ol 

 Fiiraning : — 



100 lbs. of good hay are equal to 

 DO lbs. ot' <-lover hay, made when fully blos- 



someil. 

 98 lbs. of do. made before it blossoms. 



of do, second cro|>. 



lucerne bay. 



sainfoin do. 



greet! clover. 



vetches or tares, green. 



green Indian corn. 



v. beat straw. 



rye straw. 



oat straw. 



pea stalk. 



raw potatoes. 



boiled do. 



mangel wurlzel. 



English turnips. 



cat rots. 



ruta bagii. 



rve. (grain of) 



wheat, do. 



oafs, do. 



buckwheat, do. 



Indian corn, do. 



peas. 



bee.ns. 



horse chesnuts. 



acorns. 



sunflower seed. 



linseed cake. 



wheat bran. 



rye bran. 



wheat and oat chaff. 



rye and barley chaff. 

 An ox requires 2 per ceiit. of his live weight 

 in bay, per day; it' he works. Si per cent. A 

 milch co\v, 3 per cent. A fattening o.x, 5 per 

 cent, at first, 4 j.'er eeni. when half fai and after- 

 waiils. Sheep, when grown,3i percent, of their 

 live weight, in h.ay, \;i-r day. 



98 

 98 

 69 

 410 

 4(i7 

 ■J75 

 :JV4 



;.'44 



164 

 153 



201 



175 



339 



504 



276 



3G8 



54 



46 



59 



64 



57 



45 



55 



CO 



G6 



G-2 



69 



105 



109 



167 



179 



The ExTKAORnt.NAnY Results of Seilfdl 

 Agricultuhe and Mortic'.'ltdre, stated in the 

 annexed extract from a report in the 'I'libmie of 

 liie proceedings of a meeting of the Farmers' 

 Club this week, should slimnlate to like efforts 

 elsewhere. We remetiiber to Inure been mticti 

 struck, at the recent cshibiiion ;ii Nihio's under 

 the auspices of the American Inslitnle, w ilii the 

 reniiirkahiy fine specisnee.s of cereal gia/ms iind 

 of garden vt gelabies fro:;, the farii! of Mr. Pell, 

 .mil can nov. iindei-.slund ihcir in^rked superiiai- 

 ty.— »6'iuv)f)/ AJv. 



'■Mr. il.igs staled lliat Mr. Peil, of Ulster 

 county, made a.slatemeijl al Ihe Re|)osiiory rela- 

 tive to his e,\piriiOeiitai larming, from wliicb it 

 appeared thai he liitind iiei:efit from the use ol 

 oyster shell lime — using lliiee hmidred bushel." 

 per acie. That in addition he had ciiipioyed 

 fifty-two Iwishels of charcoal per acre. 'I'hat pn 

 this charcoal dressing be o"!;iaiiied l.iSt suminer 

 seveniy-ui^Jit bushels and twenty-lour ijn.-iils ol 

 wheat per acre. That bo had Iwenly thousand 

 apple trees in full bcariitg. That in dry wpatiier 

 he had applied lime (reeiy at the roots — fijuiid 

 that this preserved the verdure and growth v\heii 

 the neighborhood was giiich injured by the 

 drongiil. Tliat tie bad ciit wheat two or three 

 weeks sooner tiiuii iiis neighbors, and vvheii the 

 root of the straw began to turn brown, and vvbcii 

 by the pressure of il'e finger and thiimh on the 

 grain its milk would fly out. Tliat this v.heiit 

 weighed sixty- four pounds per bnsliel. That he 

 cut clover and ' housed it on the same ria_v — 

 sprinkling about a' bushel of salt over every load. 

 That thi.-: clover retained its green color anil was 

 preferred by cattle lo that saved the old way. 

 Tlial he dijiped a sponge in amtnonia and applied 

 it to the worm iiesbs on his trees and banished 

 them cuinph tely. That he has sent four ihoii- 

 saiiii barrels of apples to market, many of which 

 go to Loiiilon and iheie sell for nine dollars per 

 barrel. That he^cmployed a man from Vermont 

 to engraft l«n thousand ap'ple trees for -SIoO. 

 i'hat this man bronghl n company ul' men, of 

 whom two sawed off the proper limits, 'wo nore 

 made the proper incisions (two of liie^i.j in the 

 branch, two more inserted the giafts, two more 

 applied a comjio*! of wux, tallow, luvd losliL 



Tiiat out of tlic twenty thousand giafts not one 

 failed." 



Notes on the foregoin?;. 



lii many purlions of the United States longest 

 cultivated it is already understood that "lima 

 will bring up ami restore the fertility of the coun- 

 try." Ojster shell hnrnt iiine issaiil to l>s better 

 liu' agiicultnral purposes than common stone 

 lime. Around anil dear the numerous tide-water 

 rivets ami bays of the Atlantic Stales, are many 

 beds and banks of oyster shells, which, partly 

 deconqio.sed, are olien used in thr-ir crude stale 

 as manure spread upon the siiriiice. At several 

 points iipoii the Potomac river these oyster banks 

 exist, being perhaps the collections of buinlreds 

 of years by tiie iihorigines e.t the several landing 

 places prior lo the Sijtilement of the country by 

 the English. These oyster banks may be easily 

 tr.insported by water for the use of nninerons 

 plantations. i?ut a large portion of ihe middle 

 Stales above tlie oyster shell and green sand 

 mtirl formations is underlaid with lime-rock from 

 w hich lime is made at an expense not exceeding 

 eight or ten cents the hnshel. The ipaintity of 

 stone lime used as tiianure hy ihe liirmers of 

 Virginia, iM.irjIand, Pennsylvania and New Jer- 

 sey, has perhaps been doubled every year tor the 

 last live yetirs: its increased use, like that of 

 plaster in many towns of New lyiiglaiid and the 

 North river counties of New V'ork, is pioofof 

 its high I able as a manure. Those who doubt it 

 will find ample demonstration of the iiicl w hen 

 viesving tlie increased proiluetinn of the farms 

 on which it has been used. 



Three hundred bushels of oyster shell liirie 

 with fitly two bushels of charcoal lo the acre, 

 would change the character of almost .Miiy soil — 

 both together must make the ground exceedingly 

 fertile. That it should eiiable any land to yield 

 seventy-eight bushels of wheat lo the acre, would 

 seem to he almost incredible: we do niii doubt 

 the tendency of the manure would be to carry 

 out with the greatest growth of the straw ihe 

 greatest perfeiiion of the ear in the liu'gest num- 

 ber of full kernels. Btil for any crop on light 

 soil, ploughed deep, both the lime and ihe char- 

 coal will be exceedingly valuable. The stimu- 

 lant effect will not be lost in one or two years. 

 We see the eftect of a simpig charcoal bed on 

 very samly land bir even ten yetus of succeeding 

 c-ullivaiion. 



The action of ilie dry lime npon apple trees 

 when applied round ihe roots, is worthy of care- 

 ful irial for experiment. One of the great effects 

 of lime and g) psom the sidphaie of lime, is to 

 arrest the fugiiive annnoiiia floating m the at- 

 mosphere an ! convening it in the proper lime 

 ami waj li ihe growiii of vegelalion. The soil 

 licows nni o;!l\' more releniive fi\' moisiure, but 

 changes, more than the iliscolorizalion of tlie 

 material applied, the color of ihe whole, face 

 of ihe surhice — the lime or aslies makes tim 

 ground of a deeper black. !l lime, either Irom the 

 stone or oyster shells, will promote the healih 

 and vigor of the apple or frnil iree, how simple 

 will be Ihe process of applying it— and how tri- 

 fling the labor and exii-nse. 



Again : li-sv great the advantage of early ciil- 

 ting the smc.ll grains, such as wheat, rye, o.ats 

 and barley. We have ourselves tried the expeii- 

 meot on oats and rye after the straw was yellow 

 and while ihe Joints only w-ere green: and we 

 have found ea.rlier cutting lo help the qtialiiy of 

 the grain, e.spccially of the rye, makiu'i- it caf>ablo 

 of being potiverled iiilo floor of whiteness and 

 flavor in the process of bresid making, scarcely 

 inferior to the best wdiear. If grain can be cut 

 yet -sootier and while the milk can be [uesseil 

 from the kernel, with no depreciation of weight, 

 the tiirmer will obtain a great advantage on ac- 

 count of the e.xiended season of curing it. 



We are somewhat incredulous as to the pracii- 

 cabilily of eiilting and housing green clover on 

 the same day: one bushel of salt to every load 

 of half a ton would be scarcely suflicient to pre- 

 serve it. There would be risque of its healing 

 or moulding in the mass. We cannot, however, 

 doulil the ntibiyof cm ing clover and other green 

 hay in the cock, leiling it remain several days in 

 the field, in good weather, w lihniit spreading. 

 The rapid drying of green hav in a hot sun, it 

 would seem probalije, «viH carry off what con- 

 tributes to the better qualities of the hay itself. _ 



The ii))j)iicatiofi o|° aniittonia as the means o' 



..«*- 



