J8 



^l)e iTavmer's inoutl)lt! bisitor. 



If they both live cut away one the second year. 



In giiifling large trees, select the leading and 

 fairest branches, and cut them off where they 

 are from three-fourths of an incli to three inches 

 in diameter. Your tools must be a saw, a prun- 

 ing knife, and a soft iron wedge about six inches 

 long for opening the cleft in the stump. Saw off 

 the branch where it can be split, and smooth the 

 top with your knife, then split it by laying your 

 knife across the centre and driving it down with 

 the wedge tlie width of the blade, then withdraw 

 the kuii'e and insert the wedge to open the cleft 

 enough to admit tlie scions. If the stump or 

 branch is three-fourths of an inch in diameter, 

 always set in two scions, one on each side. If 

 they both live one may bo cut away the second 

 year, but if in the top of a large tree, both might 

 be left. 



To prepare the Scion.— Cui the lower end in the 

 form of a wedge about three-fourths of an inch 

 in length, and the side to be placed next the 

 centre of the stump to be thinner than the other, 

 in order that the bark of both stump and scion 

 may come in complete contact when the wedge 

 is withdrawn. Cut the wedge of your fust scion 

 at the circle where the last year's growth com- 

 menced, and at such length as will leave not less 

 than two nor more than three good buds above 

 the top of the stump. Cut the wedge of your 

 next scion at the first good bud above where you 

 cut off the first, in a manner not to injure the 

 bud. The scion will receive nutriment from the 

 stump only at such points where the minor coats 

 of the bark of the stump and scion come in actual 

 contact. In setting the scion, place the lower 

 ])oint a little within the outer surface of the bark 

 of the stump, which will generally bring the mi- 

 nor coats of the bark in contact in three out of 

 four places. If they agree but in one place, the 

 scion will probably live. 



Wax for G;q/?ing-.— Melt three parts of resin, 

 two of beeswax, and one of tallow, together. 

 Pour this, when melted, into cold water, a pound 

 at a time. Having rubbed your hands with lard, 

 work the wax in them till it is pliable, and when 

 the water is forced out of it, it is ready for use ; 

 and will remain on the trees, protecting the stump 

 from the weather, for three years. Use the wax 

 with the fingers (having rubbed them with lard 

 to prevent adhesion) sufficiently warm to spread 

 easily; cover the lop of the stump about the 

 thickness of a cent, and the slit, as far as it ex- 

 tends, somewhat thimier. 



The time for grafting depends much upon the 

 season ; but the best is when the buds first begin 

 to open. Scions will live set any time afti'r the 

 sap freely circulates, and till the apples are as 

 large as musket balls. 



Pruning. — In grafting most trees, the whole 

 top may be safely removed, but it is bad policy 

 to remove the top of a large tree in one year. 

 Young sprouts should all be taken off yearly, 

 especially those near the scions. — Far7ner and 

 Gardner's Almanac. 



Unruly Milkers. 



Does yoiir cow kick? Do not fly into a pas- 

 sion, and pound her with a handspike, or trim 

 her w ith a goad or cowhide, or vent yom- spite in 

 kicking her in turn. You will only spill a great 

 deal of vengeance uselessly; causing great wear 

 and tear of temper; make yourself feel very 

 foolish when you get over it, and set a bad ex- 

 ample to your children ; while your cow, in sev- 

 enty cases out of seventy-one, will kick as badly 

 as beliiro, or worse. If she is a heifer, you will 

 infallibly teach her to kick; as lier kicking in the 

 first instance was from pain or fright, or some 

 such cause, of which she would be cured by 

 simply paying no atiention to it. A heifer never 

 kicks trom principle. If she is an old cow. your 

 tbiashing will generally be worse than thrown 

 away. Just keep philosophical, and try other 

 means. 



Make a pen of just the size that the cow can 

 comfortably stand in it, and no more. This you 

 can do in the corner of your yard, by setting 

 down three posts, and boarding them up fence- 

 like, leaving it open at the end to drive in the 

 cow. Let a space be left open at the side wliere 

 you wish to uiilk. Put your cow into it, and 

 fasten her in by stretching a chain across the end 

 of the pf-n behind her. Then take a piece of 

 rope, say fifteen feet long, and tie one end of it 



■ a post behind the cow, and near its length dis- 



tant from her ; tie the other end to the leg of the 

 animal, just above her foot, draw it back as much 

 as it would naturally be for her to be milked. 

 Then sit down and milk the cow at your leisure. 

 It will take a man half an hoiu- perhaps to make 

 the pen ; and when once made, it is very little 

 more trouble than to milk without. She may 

 object to going into it once or twice, but will af- 

 terwards give no trouble. 



This we recommend only, however, when a 

 man has an aninial, valuable otherwise, which 

 will kick, and which he wishes to keep. A poor 

 cow, that will kick, is too great a nuisance to 

 think of keeping at all. If you are afflicted with 

 a kicking cow, try it, and you will not regret it. — 

 Prairie Farmer. 



A statement exhibiting the value of domestic produce 

 and manufactures exported, and the countries to 

 which the same were exported, annually, from 1821 

 to 1842, inclusive. 



.p* i^ .^ CO CS OO CO U CO 03 OS U Crj to t£> to r& iw to t^ (£ to 



t3 — ctjco-jCT;ji4*wti. — ot^^.-lc^O'^coto- 



c-i cri .-1 C-. Oi c*. ^. c^ cp cs 03 CO CO to to CO to .^ tS t& CO 13 

 bOtSOCOCO — .r-OO^^^^"— CO^tOC3.f^(».^OC^ 



'co'coV — '^oVsV*'— "-q"oo'Vo'*^1r-.'o"o 03 l^~to o O' o Cn 



O^iOC". ^H- 03-0.-jaOCTl0.f*^tO-352— 'tS-i#-tO 

 C-. ^, O*— tOCO-J — t^ — CC — -J — 030-0 — N-t* 

 tl '.f^ OD C"C0"C0^~-- O*.'b>WCclZ:l0^O~C'"ccO"C.5C;i 

 C' O 1*^ OS O .— Cji OS O' M CT -J OD 03 O ~ — to .^ ~ CO ^ 

 O t-3 C to to CO O .t^ O C". ^. 'O — li^ ^' CJi ^ Cji Ci O ^ to 



OOti — 4^.?.COtOC4i-CnC-. C--IOCOC5CO^COCO'.CC0^ 



C-. -jcji^- — ^w~. »-ci'^.-JO^Oi.c;ltotootoo^ — 

 o c;< .f- C3 cs c; o CTj to CO CO !.c CO 4^ ^ cv tr> C-. ^ .ii t-i 03 



c. ^^-j _--i^-.i_~j CO -J c^^c-.zj^^ cv -i_-j o en CP pco ^ 

 'co'— '"c^ ^^cTi'cri'o o'to*cji"o3^/o^ to"col3^"^ CO It: 4^"tO 

 to c- — to CO c re cr, '^ S VO O^ *- OS o to C3 to 0-. O^ 03 o 

 03 — -l-^-^^- — '-O^. ^--O— -OCO.^ — ~J — ^.tOiOO^ 



"tS '-^ CO '■£* O O C-. 'to C« O — '*^ 0*0*C. '^"CO bi iO"03 tolo 



'.oo+-^^OC):^^^c;^*^co^sc;ltoto^CJ'.?.^'^•— ~.t 



C;i*^.J^~t0CC^O3 — 030 — .^.~» — — ■-0 0303tOCJ' 



#. C.3_rf>._tO_W .fk .^ .f'.jP'JWCl CO 1*^ i^JM CO #^ CJi CO ;.3 Oi p. 



"to "to~0' CO Vtlo Vi"'.3i"OT"oi 'o "c:"c.i V.^o b: "-J co 'C3 *-J "cc c 

 ^03.t--j-3cc(j — O^. COOC^fOOStO^CO — ~. ovo 

 o c: :r. — ' to OT-o — 03 c^ OT c^ to to CO ^ -P- en ^ 'J — to 



V> Vt'o to Vo^o '— o'-J CO '~"'r-.''J^ 'h- co1r. o '•f' os o en o 

 ~J .^ 03 io o o~- CjT Cji c; C. O", C2 03 to c .-1 -J — 03 ^ CO C-. 

 O — CJi^O^^J-OCO'^ — ^. '.C^C^-^OOCOOT^ — 



"2 ^ 



Is. 



P 5^'Pr~j^i-"'J-^ " '— 1~ P -"" ,~^ 





^ • ,^ — — .— JO— — — '.*^j- '- to o: to to to t-0 — ' to to 2 ^ 



Ts t^"— '+.'to"c-r--'""-o'b3 CO 0~0'o'03~co"'^'.^ '-j""— Ic""^ CO ri -• 

 iii-C0l£O'-0.^»0 03 0T03O3— — .^C — 003CjidotOr- = 



-o ^j:o C-. :ootoo^".c^*c:.f- — o:^to — coOT.^-.)^ ci- 



'C3 lo'b' 03 'O —'■£.>-'*— CO Ct'-o'o'—'— CO 02 O "tO O O CO ■ 



^030i-io.oc-. -o: — coc;''.jro3^^. fO^C3CJ'.-3-^c3' 

 coojoc-. -jo3*.co'. .f-i. — cooi.^..jtoo'coto — cr. to' 



coOBOst^to^— c^^co.^^o^^tsco^oo3oarfiCJl^o.;^^ 

 c:^ .^ t s ^ CO to '-r to f o i- trto ^ to -.0 o-' — o — .J^ to C3 



to to J— _.^ (- OS — _— to to O^. 4^ to jO — ~-l Co C3 CO C. -:i 0< 

 CO — 'to'o: — Vt'tr".^ ^'Cji to CO'.^j'cO C^'lOO-T — 03 "c. ".^ ~) 



^. — c^ cji 03 o (^ — CO ~. ~ c: -o: ■— — -J Oi c. 03 — *o c: 

 ^03 3--^ — Oi^coc-, — coco'O — ^co;crico — — 



.ffc to U3 O-i O-i C-, — 03 Cr .fi- to to ~1 CO ^ CO CJi OT Co 0-. -o to 

 .J^ :^ O 00 — 03 -O Cv — CO 0~. O -^ C;' 63 0-. C^, ~J C 03 Co -O 



4^ o 'o 03 c. o .;^ CO o CO o o to .i-_to ^ C3 o_— C3 o< c: 



'03 "cO 'O V. 03 bi 'to 'Oi '.t.. '~J 'Cf '03 '— ' 'co "cO 'O^V- 'Cn"— 'O 'cO 'CH 

 CO — C^ O O '-O O. 03 00 CT to 03 to C3 O O — — ^1 O^ C3 0-. 

 ^03J-. — to — .*»003COtOC;tODtO^OO'^OT — — CO — 



.^.Oh-^tOUOS^C 



,;*.tsrf».t-£to:ot«co(«cot— ootot® 



t.-iC3l003tO~J05CJ'OCOO:3'tOtO'0 — — 00- Cji— * 



:7^cTicoO'oaiaitoC3iCCo-oo~*co— — tocio--oco 



.j^COCJ"- — ^-COCOtOOJCOtOif^^-lCj' 03 C^^— CI 'O Cn tO 



C;i'.o'to"*c^'c-.'j'o3 'to'oiio'to'— 'co'— 'to *— 'o-."'o"tt "o.-'c err 



— — 0-. C-. .P- — CO .-J -J -O — --J CO 0-. C- CC O CO - t 03 — .i- 

 CO Ci .t J OT to to 03 4- C3 to to O O .— O' ^ ^ CO O Ci' ..- 



Tansy will prevent the devastation of the woi m 

 or circiilii when placed mound plum and peach 

 tree a. 



From the Albany Callivator. 

 Culture of Fruit. 



Grafting. — One of the most important opera- 

 lions in the culture of fruit trees, is the propaga- 

 tion of varieties by budding and grafting. By 

 means of these we exchange the unpalatable 

 fruit of the wilding for the most delicious pro- 

 ductions which art and nature combined have 

 been able to furnish. And there are few gardens 

 or orchards which might not be greatly improved 

 by the introduction of the best varieties, the cul- 

 tivation and care of which cost no more than 

 that of the most worthless. 



Budding and grafting have their respective 

 advantages and disadvantages. Budding reijuires 

 less skill and care, but needs the subseipient at- 

 tention of removing the ligatmes, and heading 

 down the stocks. Grafting does not need this 

 subsequent care, but more skill is requisite in the 

 operation. The peach anil nectarine can rarely 

 if ever be propagated by grafting; and budding 

 cannot be performed on large and unthrifty 

 stocks, which may often be successfully grafted. 



Books on gardening describe many different 

 modes of grafting ; but the multiplicity of these 

 often more bewililer the learner than instruct 

 him. By understanding the essential requisites, 

 the operation is at once simplified, and it may be 

 varied at pleasure without danger of failure. The 

 two chief points are, that the sap f owing upward 

 through the slock pass freehj into the graft, and that 

 it returns loithout interruption from the inner bark 

 of the slock. To secure these, both the wood and 

 bark in the stock and graft must be so cut as to 

 admit of being placed in close contact, and when 

 so placed, the line of separation between the 

 bark and wood should, on one side at least, ex- 

 actly coincide in both. 



The most common and useful modes are the 

 tt*!';? and cleft grafting. Whip grafting is adopt- 

 ed where the stock and graft are of nearly equal 

 size. To perform it, the stock and graft are cut 

 off obliquely with an equal degree of slope, no 

 as to leave two smooth straight surfaces which 

 njay be brought into close contact. A transverse 

 cleft with the knife is to be made near the middle 

 of each of these surfaces about one-third of an 

 inch deep, so that when they are pressed togeth- 

 er, the tongue and slit thus made in each, may 

 mutually and firmly interlock. It is then usual 

 to bind thein to their place with bass or corn 

 husk; but it is better to have tlie jaws of the 

 cleft in each so firmly pressed together as to 

 render this unnecessary. The whole is then to 

 be closely wrapped in a grafting plaster. 



Where the stock is more than half nn inch in 

 diameter, cleft grafting is preferable. The stock 

 is first cut off horizontally, and a split made in it 

 at the middle of the cut surface an inch or two in 

 depth ; in this the graft, cut wedge-like, is insert- 

 ed. To do it properly, it is requisite that the graft 

 be so cut as to fit the split ns nearly as possible, 

 which is to be opened by a wedge on the siile 

 opposite from the place for the graft, and that the 

 j:',ws of the stork be strong enough to press the 

 .sides firndy ami closely. After this, the plaster 

 is applied. 



It is convenient, in grafting, to have two knives, 

 one chiefly for cutting, and the otlier very sharp, 

 for smoothing the surl'acps for contact. 



All the brant hes and buds on the stock must 

 be carefully removed, that the sap may all go to 

 the nnurishirient of the graft. Failure is often 

 caused by a w'ant of this care. 



In heading down old trees, it is a common 

 practice to graft into the large branches; it would 

 he much better to cut off those brauche.s, anil to 

 graft or bud into the young shoots which spring 

 up in their places. 



The practice of using clay to cover the wounds 

 is now nearly superseded by the far neater and 

 belter mode of ap(>lying piasters of Graftiug 

 Wax. These are made the most readily and 

 cheaply by spreading the warmed wax over a 

 sheet of unsized paper with a knife, or with a 

 brush when melted, and afteiuards cutting up 

 into plasters of the requisite size. The best and 

 cheapest wax is made by melting together one 

 part of beeswax, two parts of tallow and four of 

 rosin. 



As grafting early in spring is generally prefer- 

 able, (more cs[)eci"ally fur the cherry,) it becomes 

 necessary in cool weaih' !■ to t.iften the wax by 

 artificialheat. A kettle of coals, or a lamp, may 

 be used for this purpose. 



