^[)t iiirmcr'0 itlnnli)!!) bir^tor. 



77 



ihi I I- liist were in the paideii of tlio London Zoo- 



lo^ic.il Sooioty ; and wcro f'fd, iI:p unll wliolly, 



;iii!l liic; oliiers cliiefly, on fislj. What ha?, ihere- 



lieconie nf iho iiraie ol' annnonia, the char- 



. isiip of Min liini pxi-rtMMinit, in thcs AlVicaii 



iiin? Di: B.ivy lliinlts, in ju'cordniioe wirh 

 ; ' !ii^Vvimv,lhat w/-(C acid has ohaii^rtMl to oxath: 

 .Hi.i. Hc! loiind mo; a inn-e <d" ornlnle of niiimo- 

 nii ifi the exi-riMiK-nt oC the above l)irdj. Tiiiie 

 anil llin (ixygen of the air, hc tliiulis, have |irodiJ- 

 ced lids clianjiR. lie f;oos li\i-lhoi-, anil cxpfl'i- 

 iTieiitally, iiy hoiMna' nnito nf aininonia with ox- 

 ide of iiian^'anese, in u low horns efH-ctcd a 

 translbinialion of nric to oxalic iicid. CiTtaiuly 

 some ppciiliar indiiences have coiilrolli'd liie 

 chansies in African frnario. Witlimit afVordinir 

 more oxalate of ainiiiniiia than llie American, its 

 urate of nminonia and nrea, >rcni to lie re|dari-d 

 liy carbonate of aninionia. 'J'iiese are chan<;e.- 

 muioiiced by Dr. Davy, thonah the cimiiireof 

 men into carhoiiate of aiiimonin, by llie addition 

 of the elements of water, is one of tlie liest es- 

 tablished facts of modern chemistry. AMowinj:, 

 then, the African irnano lo have been originally 

 like the excrement of other birds, some peculiar 

 influences seem lo have cliaiifje.I its nric acid, as 

 well as its nrea, into c.arbonale annnonia. Now, 

 I\Ir. Kditor, so lin' as this has occnrred, it has re- 

 placed a fixed, by a very volatile salt, and of 

 conrse has produced an article more liable to 

 deterioration in |iroportion to its arnonnt of car- 

 bonate of ammonia. 



The Liverj'onl price of the African nrlicic is 

 .C9, the American about £,V2 per ton. 



Lowell, Maij 10, 1814. S. J^. D. 



heal in one year. When only small liitdis are cut 

 ihero will be no need of coverins the wound 

 will) (day or with any kind of plaster. We can- 

 not find tlial liiidis whitdi have bi'eii grafted and 

 then covered over will) any kind of compost lesii 

 fii>lerlhan lindis nijcovered. A limb should al- 

 ways he cm in such a manner as to h>t no rain- 

 water stand in the llule cup that will be formed 

 by the healing of the uoinid. — Massachuselts 

 Pliivglvmin. 



Uilving out Bees. 



A correspondent wishes lo know which is the 

 best mode ol' driving' bees from one hive to anoth- 

 er when the moths have rendered their caliin an 

 unfit place to live in. 



There are various modes of transferrin!? bees 

 from one hive lo anolhei-, but ilio Irjstoii.i ihat 

 we have known to he tried is at the same time 

 the mo-t simple. In May or in June, if yon 

 find Ihe moths abound in a hive, yon. may, willi- 

 out much labor, (hive the swarms into a in w (.ne, 

 and thus, for a time, avoid this irreat destroyer of 

 the bee. 



Ciioose a fair day, and the hour of ten, A. M. 

 Provide a new hive ofabunt the same dimens'ons 

 as the idd one ; then take Ihe old one ti-oin its 

 stool and set it on the irround, boiioin side np, 

 and one rod distant from its (dd place; now cap 

 it with the new hive rifrht side up so as to ii.nke 



jrood joints as you can, 



and wind a sheet 



The Season for Triinnsins Trees. 

 As soon as plamiu;; is over we sliniild louk to 

 onr apple trees and cut ofi' the surplus liraindies. 

 We cannot recommend cultina lariie branches in 

 uny case ; we usually do more hurt than good 

 when wo take off a limb that is more than two 

 inches in diamcler, fin- the wound does not oft- 

 en heal soon enough lo prevent decay at the 

 heart. A Iree will sometimes look more thriliy, 

 for a time, in consequence of loppiiig largi' 

 branches, but the improvement will not be last- 

 ing. If trees are attended tocnnnally, there will 

 be no need of culling large limbs. If they have 

 been long neglected weslioidd content ourselves 

 willi triunning out the small limbs and suffer the 

 tree to cominuc in the sliape lliat it has alre.ndy 

 formed. 



We may not be able to give any satisfactory 

 reason for preferring .May to iMarch for irimniing 

 ajiplo trees. Most fiirmers however agree that 

 the sooner the wound is healed the belter, and 

 that it is not of sei'vice lo draw fiirih nnich sap at 

 the wound. — Now it is cerlaiu lliat a wound nev- 

 er begins to heal until it has put fin-lb ilsleail It 

 has no means of ni:iking new \yeod before it has 

 leaves, for the s.ap that fiirins llie new wood piss- 

 es through ihe leaf. From I'le time of trim- 

 ming, then, to Ihe forming of llie leaf your wound 

 is eX|io-ed to the wcailnn- and tlie process of 

 healing has not commenced. 



We find that when a limb is cut in July there 

 \vill he about as much new wood made n cover 

 the wound, during the season, as when the lindi 

 is cm cirlier. There is a critical lime, however, 

 in July, between the first and seeond erowib of 

 the season, when the sa[p » ill run from a wound 

 and will discolor the liark for a foot or more be- 

 low it; we noiici^ this in tiimmiug nm'sery Irees, 

 iind we think tiiuiniing in .!uly is not judicious. 



As lo the cnm[)ar.Tlive wa:le of sap in i\Iar(di 

 nnd IMay we call the nitention of onr readers to 

 the [irartice of ta[)i)ing the maple for the purpose 

 of galhcring sap. Ail know that no sap can !i(! 

 galiiered in .May, and not iiMich in April in onr 

 haitude. Sap runs most fi-eidy in fdareli. For 

 this reason we never trim grape vines in March. 

 Hut after the leaf is foi-incd tlie vines uill not 

 bleed. 



We want a fine saw to trim «iih, to make as 

 smooth a wound as may be, nml ifakniii; is used 

 Rill r the saw Ihe vvoniid will heal the sooner. 

 Yet ^^■e often see tribes trimuied v\ ilh an axe ! We 

 also see the bark torn off id" the limbs by the use 

 of Ihe heavy boots of the Irimmiu-. All will own 

 this is barbarciis. If yon slaiiil on Ihetrei' while 

 trimming voii should wear slippers or lliiii shoes. 

 When no limbs larger than one inch in diam- 

 eter in-e-cut, the wound triay he expected lo heal 

 over in a couple of years: in n thrifr. irje it will 



blanket around the Ivvo liive.s, at the joint, so as 

 to prevent ti:e escape of ihe hee.s, and tie it fast. 

 Next, beat t!ie sides of liic old hive wilh slicks 

 of the size ofyoiir thumb, for ti ii or filieeu min- 

 utes, to make the bees (piit tlieir old hive and go 

 np into tlie new one. 



Now imlie the blanket rnid set the new hive 

 precisely on the stand of the old one, and ihe 

 liees will gather into it and make it their lloml^ 

 The wliole operation should be in the sini thai 

 ibe bees may more readily quit the old hive. — 

 Yon may now take out the eond> nnd endeavor 

 to save the lives of as many of the liees as ymi 

 can. In live sun they will soon be able to fly; 

 though they have become d.ished with honey, and 

 they will go direclly to the old sjand. 



.'Vficr ihe middle of .lime ilieie is more risk in 

 driving iheni out, though we have known them 

 lo make honey enongh for winter after ihe first 



Foiats of a Horse. 



It was formerly said thiil a horse shnind have 

 three qualiiies of a woman, three of an ox, three 

 of a mule, tlnee of ti deer, three of a wolf, three 

 of a shee|>, three of a fox, tlui<! of a cat, and 

 three of a snake, Mr. Hooper of lln; Weslerii 

 Farmer and Gardener, gives Ihe lollowiug inler- 

 prciaiion of this, from Demon Ofin;, the auim.'d 

 manager: 



"Tnri:e of a woman, dee|i chest, fidl bosom, 

 long hair. Three of nil ox, eye, nostril, joint.s. — 

 C>f a ninie, hoof, sirenglh, perseverani:e. Of a. 

 deer, head, le^s, hair lays well. Of a wolf, breast, 

 loin, lope. Of a shee|i, face, patience, mildness. 

 Of a fijx, ear, tail, loot. Of a cat, wjilk, action, 

 hap. Of ii snake, sight, memory, und monl- 

 lin-." 



Offut, whose name is mentioned above, \V(? 

 are lidd, is much distinguished in Kentucky, liir 

 his success in taming animals. His rub', (a.s 

 given ill ihe Farmer & (jardener,)seein lo be sim- 

 pde and r.ational. His first object is lo confine 

 ihe animals in a small space. Then iipproach 

 lliem slowly and qiiielly — induce them to eat salt 

 froiii the hand — rub thentall over wiih iIk' hands 

 —always moving the hand wilh the direction of 

 the hair — spe.ak softly aiid soolhiiigly lo them, 

 rubbing them at tinr same lime aboiil the W-xt.- 

 and head. Feed then) only moderately, so that 

 they may be always ready to take food and wat- 

 er. Never strike them a blow. 



Topreventa horse from lying down in har- 

 ness, he sa.y.s, "lie him down wiih a rope, so that 

 he cannot get np, and keep him so ten hours. — 

 Then let him gel np, and work him for an hour. 

 Give him water fi'om your hand, and feed him ; 

 this tends to make bini like you, ri'inoves IVar, 

 and restores confidence. 



of Jill v. 



bee-kei!pers are fearless of ibi 



^tj,lgs of bees, and they handle iheni williont wit- 

 lens, hut it is n;oie prudent to cover your fia-e, al 

 the first movement, wiih a bit of g.inze, and your 

 bands wiih woolen nditcns ; but after a few miii- 

 nle.s, when the bees fiinl iheir house i.s down, 

 they are nsnally very tame and will not attempt 

 to Sling, any one m.iy handle lliein. 



Aiunher mode of driving bees to a new hive 

 is, to invert the old one and and set it in a tub id 

 water, lelliiig ihe water in gradually so as lo 

 make the bees retreat. Smnc hi-e-keepers smoke 

 them with p.iifF ball, or wilh Icdiaci'o, so as lo ren- 

 der Ihem stupid for a time while removing Ihe 

 old hive and selling Ibe new one on it. I'nit ibis 

 is nmipees.sary in case yon cover your liice ai«l 

 hands for a few minutes when yon first remove 

 the hive. We have olien driven swarms from an 

 old hive to a new one wiihout being stung. — 

 Mass. Plorto;iiinjin. 



Com:noa Charcoal. 



It is slated by Dr. Lee, in an aKriciiltiiral ad- 

 dress delivered in Western New York, that com- 

 mon charcoal is the cheapest, and iherefore the 

 best, material to apply to cultivated fields for fix- 

 ing and approfiriaiing to the use of' plants the 

 larye quantities of annnouia which descend in 

 rain and snow. It will ah.sorb 90 times iis bull! 

 (d" ammonia, and will give it out slowly to llie 

 vital at'.raction of ihe roots of plant.s. The libe- 

 ral application of' liiis well known subslance lo 

 the wheat fields in France, has mainly, in con- 

 necliou wilh the use of lime, added within the 

 last ten years, 100,000,000 bushels to the annual 

 crop of wheat grown in the kingdom. 'I'heehar- 

 eoal should be so« n down in .M.iy, .it the rale <d' 

 7'> bushels per acre, well |uiiverized. It would, 

 uiidonbteilly, he cqn.dly nsefiil lo oilier kinds of 

 I'rain. There are many places where oilier nia- 

 niire.s are not easily (dilained; but when! ch.nr- 

 coal is cheap, farmers so silinited would find il 

 L're-iily for ihcir interest to resort to ils use. — 

 Bo:;Uin CuUivalni: 



CULTIV.ITIO.V OF TUi: SUiVFLOWm. itc — 

 Chamber's London Journal says: "iMr. Fleet- 

 wood has wrlllen a pamphlet, in wliieb he enii- 

 merales, from positive unerring data, many cir- 

 eumslances concerning the snceessl'ul cultivation 

 of this pl.-mt, and the pioiinclion nf its oil, the 

 generally ii.sel"ul applieaiiihlies of which must in- 

 sure for it an ahno-t imliinited sale, iinlepen- 

 dently of the value of its cake, or residimm, af- 

 ter expression of oil from the seed. 



" The Pamphlet also invites public allcntion 

 to the cnltivalion of sage on a grand scale, that 

 Iku'Ii being an article of considerable importance 

 •ill Chinese commerce. Vnlmont de Bomaii's Dic- 

 tionnire d' Hislorie JViduniHc, states that the Chi- 

 nese are so fond of' sage, (wliich does not grow 

 in their vast empire,) lliat lliey woniler bow Eu- 

 ropeans should come to llieir country (iir Ihe 

 purchase of tea, seeing they jios-iess so valuable 

 an herb at home. De IJomari fiirther stales that 

 the Dnlch buy tip the whole of the sago v\ hicb 

 grows on the coast of Provence, and carry it 

 to China, where they have a re.ndy market fiir it. 

 both with the Chinese and Japanese ; in many 

 cases obi.iiniug in exchange for one chest of sage, 

 two or three «\' green tea! 



" So sanguine is Mr. Fleetwood, uiili respect 

 to bis theories, that he has announced his iiilc!;- 

 tion to negotiate with land proprietors ihrnugli- 

 oiii the Uniled Kingdom,tiir various pints of u .-.sle 

 or olIcM' lands, from iive lo ten or iweniy ihcns- 

 and acres, for the culliva.iion of the sunflower, 

 the seed of which, from Turkey, ilie Levani, 

 America, and Germany, he has obiained at con- 

 siderable paiii.s. At ISiiller's fiirin, near Kings- 

 ion, in Surry, be has planted this year, tue|v« 

 acres; as well as a liniiled plantalion ol' Ix^Iweeii 

 two and three hundred square jartis, at his own 

 resilience." 



Mam'RE of Fowls. — We regret lo see so lit- 

 tle atteiilimi paid to the s.iving of pigeon and 

 hen-dung. The manure of any kind of birds is 

 extremely valuable for growing melons, or indeed 

 vinc-cro[is id" any kind, Cucnmhers, sipiashes, 

 pnmidiins, and especi.dly melons, grown with 

 lien or pigeon dnng are s,iii| lo be sweeter and 

 in n-e delic.ile than llmse from any other liiaiitire 

 « Initever, — .iinf.r. Aj^rkul. 



CiiF.ESF TO CiiiN.v, — The export of < hcese lo 

 Chiiacfrnin this coimlry is increasing, ami will 

 soon farm a consiihuMble ilem, it if; packed 

 whole in cuses filled wilh saw-dii.'-i, ii.il nciin d 

 so as to exclude the :iir. 



