(JIl)c iTarntcr'G iUout!)!!) iHsitor. 



9 5^ 



Frnin tiie Heport or Hon. II. L. Eliswi>rlli, dminiissioner 1 

 of t^ateiiis, modp to Congiess at its present sesbioii, 



reediiis of Cattle. 

 TliF. siilijcr.ls <>l" tile economkal feeding of cat- 

 tle, n7}d of manures, lifserve Miiire .s)iace mnJ at- 

 leiitioii tli;iii we can now di-voie m tlieiii a-* ciiii- 

 nei-tcil " itii tlii-i vimv of llie ituricMiliiiral |)i-i>ir- 

 ress nl' tlie iMiiiiitiv. Dnritij; llie winter of 1842 

 !Ui(l, 4;{. firrat iiiiiiilx'rs of cattle peiislied liir the 

 want i>r siiflii-ihiit I'ooil. Thi.-i was(li)iilillr.-is ow- 

 iii^' to tlie loo i.'i-e.il (It iiHiiilciice |)l.n-e(l on t^oiiie 

 jiai'liriilar ailii-les oC liiililiT, anil tlie severity ami 

 ieiiLilli ol'tlii; winiei-, wliicli slnit tlieni n|i li-o'ii 

 tlie pastures. A more earetiil eronoiny <'!' win- 

 ter (bod, liy iisin^' at tlie periods of fill and early 

 winter tliat food wliicli would answer (e.-^s for the 

 severe colli weatlier, with j;reater attention lo 

 the warmth of the animal, mi^ht do much 

 lo prevent tlie ocemence of such a time of dis- 

 tress, as prevailed in some of the more northern 

 of the western Stales last winter. The propor- 

 tions ofmilritions substances iomid in the ilif- 

 eivnt liiiids of fodder, and llie Htnonnt needed 

 for the coosm'vation of the animal, (or conserva- 

 tion fodder, »:< it is sometimes lermed,) should he 

 known, and tlins snhsiitntes may he lesorled 

 toil! such a manner as to avoid the itreatest in- 

 conveniences of an unlooki:d for period of cold 

 weather. 



The followiiiij talile will furnish the relative 

 value of a few of the priiici|)al articles of fodder, 

 ns ilelerinined hy experiment : 



ICO Ihs. of fjooil hay are equal to — 

 27-1 His. of jrrcen Indian corn, 

 442 Ihs. i-Je straw, 

 J(i4 Ihs. oat straw, 

 15^} Ihs. pea stalk, 

 201 Ihs. raw potatoes, 

 17.5 His. Iioileil potatoes, 

 y39 Uis. maiitfel wurtzcl, 

 504 Ihs. turnips, 

 54 Ihs. rye, 

 46 Ihs. wlieat, 

 59 Ills, oals, 

 45 Ihs. peas or beans, 

 (i4 Ihs. huckwheat, 

 57 Ihs. Jndiaii corn, 

 . 1)8 Ihs. acorns, 

 105 Ihs. wheat hran, 

 109 Ihs. rye hran, 

 ]ti7 Ihs. wheal, pea, and oat chaff, 

 I7y Ihs, rye and hurley. 

 IT) Ihs. of hay is equal to ;32 His .of potatoes ; 

 and 14 Ihs. of iioiled potatoes will allow of the 

 diininuiion of 8 Mis. of hay. 



All ox requires 2 per cent, of his live weight 

 per day in hay; if he works, 2i percent; a 

 milch i:ii>v, 3 percent; a latteiiinir ox, 5 percent, 

 at first 4 per cent, wlienhalf fat, or 4i average. 

 Sheep when jjrown, 3i percent, of llieir weight 

 ill hay per day. 



ill wintering; of slock, there is yet room for 

 {iri.'at improveoienis, liy providin;r L'ond warm 

 shelter or st ihliim for auim.ils, and lioilin^', iiriml- 

 imi, or h.ikiiijr the timd pre|)ared for ilieiii. — 

 Grinding the coh with tlie corn s s:iid to add 

 oue-lhird to its value tor leediuif, and the con- 

 verliii!.' the straw or cornstalks \\',i\ out inlo chaff 

 before iisiii!.' tlieiii, is equally benelicial. Much 

 \'aliiahle inliirmaiioii on tliesi; Ruhjecls is tound 

 ill the a;;riiuiliiiral journals and pulilicaiions 

 which from time to time are issued tiom ihe 

 press in our country. It is uienlioiied in one ol 

 them that stock of all kinds leqiiire to lie salted 

 ■•It least three times a week ; iiiid ilj iiistea<l ol 

 this, equal paits of salt, liuiii, and ashes are 

 mixed to;;etlier, the compound would not only 

 lie cheaper, hut more lieahlidd. 



An alile writer says, "iliire is a posiiive loss, 

 a needless ihrowinii awa\' ,il 20 lo .50 per cenl. 

 of llie fooil in wioteriii;i' domestic aiiinial.s, which 

 is literally hiirned up hy nature, in this cold cli- 

 nrite, to keep their lilood and the whole animal 

 some 40 or 80 deiirees warmer than the leuipe- 

 raltiio ol the air hy which they are snrronuded. 

 It is not merely the hay, Oats, and corn in do- 

 mestic aniiii;ils, and the liie:id and uie.it in man. 

 (which are coiisnnied like the animal oil in a 

 lamp, to warm the system.) that are lost, lini, liy 

 inhaling' a cold and dense atmosphere, and hrin,:;- 

 iiijr a larger ti mount of oxygen gas into the lungs, 

 tiiid through them into the lilood, than is needed, 

 inflamuialions are generated, einling in consuinp- 

 tians alike !u luau and heas'. K.Xiucise increa:;- 

 es the motion ol' the respiratory organs, and the 



consimiptioii of animal fat. The food that will 

 keep a horse fat in a warm st.ihle, will hanlly 

 prevent his starving when driven 35 or 40 miles 

 a clay. In the latter case, he will expel twice as 

 much carlion from his lungs as in the former: 

 and the exce.~s of he.it in the system will pass otl' 

 in a copious perspiration, mid in the disch.irge o| 

 much vapor Iron his nostril.s. All our doiiieslic 

 animals, then, are living furnaces, which will 

 have to he warmed hy hiiriiim; hay, oais, and 

 corn, for the next six iiioi tiis." lie adds, that 

 he could prove fioui accurate experiment, and 

 ficts well known, that in the Slate of New 

 York alone, the loss \'ri>:n inatteniion to warmili 

 ofcatilewill he equal to $5,000,000. He call.- 

 oii the firuiers: "Biiik iiji your slahles if they 

 need it, ceil them with rough liuirds on the in- 

 side, am! (ill in the space willi Ian bark, horse 

 dung, pea siraw, or some other non-condncior 

 of heat. Keep all your domestic animals warm, 

 dri/, and quiet il" you desire tlieiii lo yield the 

 larirest reiurii in fat, tallow, milk, butter, cheese, 

 and wool, fiom any given tmiouut of suitable 

 fond.'' 



A striking example of the importance of shel- 

 ter liu- c.itile is presented by the success that has 

 attended keeping calves over the winter in corn- 

 fields, on the prairies, where the winds are pro- 

 verbially bleak ; Ihe si.dks break of^' the wind, 

 while the calves eat of the si ilk tinil the com 

 wh.at ihey please, and [iftp lat wilhont doing 

 much injury lo the crop. In travelling in the 

 valley of the Wabash ill i\Iriy and June, people 

 may be seen picking and shelling Hie I'-iru in one 

 p;u I of the field \vhicli is to lie planted in anoth- 

 er; the loss i-! lijund to be less than miylit be 

 supposed, deducting the ravages conimitleil by 

 the biirlsaiid wild animals. 



Professor Pl.iyfair remarks on this subject : 

 " Heat is, therefore, an equivalent for food ; and 

 by a knowledge of this fict, we may economise 

 the latter veiy considerably. \Ve know that cat- 

 tle fatten much more slowly in winter than in 

 snmtner; the reason being, that part of the food 

 is expended in the production of the nece.ssary 

 heat. Lord Diicie was kind eiiougu to commu- 

 nicate to me an experiment ot his, in which I0|j 

 sheep were ted ill the open air, aiidaiioiher 100 

 in the s ime space, with sheds to relii'e into at 

 pleasure. The first lot ate 25 lbs. of Svvedes per 

 day ; the lafteronly 20 His., alihough this lot, with 5 

 lbs. a day less, had gained an avcr.ige ol'2 lbs. per 

 sheep more tliati the last, at the conclusion of llie 

 experiment." Some other e.xperimenis of Lord 

 Ducie are thus given : 



'• Is/ experiment. — Five sheep were fed in the 

 open air In^tweeii the 21st of Nuveniber and the 

 1st of i)c-.ceniher ; they consumed 90 lbs. of food 

 per dav, the temperalnre of the atmosphere being 

 about 44 degrees. At ihi! end of this time they 

 weighed 2 llis. less than when first exjiosed. 



^'%l experiment. — Five sheep were placeil un- 

 der a shed, ai.d allowed to run ;iliout at a leoipe- 

 raime of 49 degrees; they cunsumod at first 82 

 lbs. of hiiid per day, ihe'n 70 Ihs. and tit the 

 end of ilie lime hail incrcasid in weight 23 lbs. 



" 3/ eiperiynent. — Five sheep were ida.ced in the 

 same shed as in the last experiment, but not 

 allowed lo lake any exercise: iliey ale, at first, 

 ()4 lbs. of food per day, then 58 lbs., and increas- 

 ed in weiglit .30 His. 



'• 4th experiment. — Five sheep were kept quiet 

 and covered, and in the dark ; they ale 35 lbs. ii 

 day, tmd were increased 8 His.'' 



plied to a piece of land of equal size and tpiality, 

 and both pieces trealeil alike ;is to ciilnvatioii 

 and crops, and ii was fiumd that the liquid iiia- 

 imre, lliiis saved, was equal to the solid. 



If a fartner has just manure enough to keep- 

 his farm ill the same condiiion, year after year, 

 let him consider what a vast improveii«"iit he 

 would make by having twice the c;uantiiy ofina- 

 miri-. In a little while he would double all his 

 crops, wilhont adding half so iniieh to hi.-? labor 

 as the inciease of crop.s, and .as he increases his 

 crops, he can increase his stock and manure, so- 

 that the iucre.-ise of uiaimreand crops would go 

 on accnmulaiiug like (Compound interest. 



With a barn cellar, mud, muck, loam, sods,, 

 turfs, or any comuioii earth, maybe used to ab- 

 sorb the liquid manmeand prevent tVrmentalion,. 

 and the iiiaimre in a cellar will be sale from the 

 great loss consequent upon exposure. Let e\ery 

 lariiierwho has not a b;irii cellar resolve to liiive 

 one, and make preparation for that purpose. — 

 Now is the time, before the haying season. 



We observed several cases last season, where 

 farmers had prepared for a cellar by arranging 

 their barns or that purpose before baying'. They 

 dug mit under the posts and l.-iid a gooil founda- 

 tion to support them, and after haying they dug 

 out the earth. Some informed us that in making 

 cellars !! few years since, they hauled the cartli 

 upon their low lauds, and thus improved tlicui for 

 grass, so much lliat the improvement paid all the 

 expense of romoving the earth from tlie cellars. 



Some make a celhir under the cattle bouse 

 only, others extend it midtfr the barn floor and 

 mows, for wheels, implements, hogs, and some 

 for horses, or .*ome for llieir c.ittle, tbrowiiiE out 

 the manure with that from the lie-u|). Some- 

 times a p irt of the cellar is in;iile warm wiili a 

 good close wtdl, or by double boarding, wiib 

 .some warm materials siutrd between, for the 

 purpose of keeping roots iiir slock. 



The most coiivenienl method of making a barn 

 and cellar, is to set a barn on ;i side hill facing 

 the south, tinrl have the cellar oiien to the barn 

 yard, on the fouili side. Some (iirmers di'ir out a 

 cellar, when their barns set on a 1 :vel. Tliis an- 

 swers well on a porous sandy soil. Others find 

 il necessary lo raise their birnsa few feet for 

 conveniLiici! in making a cellar. There me va- 

 rious ways of construction, adapted lo difPuent 

 situations and circumstances. .Muiost every far- 

 mer can make one without inui-li expanse, and as 

 it will add so luucli to the value and fpiantiiy of 

 nianure which every ciillivator regards as indis- 

 pensable lo good crops, every farmer should en- 

 deavor to construct one this sjason. — Boston 

 Cultivator. 



Bam Cellars. 



Every farmer that h;is given his attention to 

 the subject, vviU acknou ledi;e the great iililiiy of 

 tiarii ceil.-irs lor the purpose of saving manure. — 

 With this appendage; to the barn..-md a liille ad- 

 ditional l.-ihor, a tiiiiiicr may add more than li.ilf 

 to Ihe (piantiiy and value ol' his inaniire. In the 

 w.-i\ must i-omuionly practiced, much of tlu; best 

 111, mure is carried otf by dreiichiug ;-ain.s, or lost 

 by txposiue to frosis, ami by the escape of gases 

 in tiiji-meutatioii, whicjj oftcu reduces the value of 

 the manure one half. 



But .•dlowiug iliat no water from th/; Hi.imjro 

 heap runs to waste, and loss by fermeiil^iiiou is 

 carefully guarded against, mid that the loss by 

 exiK.-snre lo frosts and winds is small, then there 

 is a great loss by a wasK! of liquid manure. — 

 Careiid e.xperimenis . have been made in satiira- 

 hui.' lo.im with ilie'liqiiiil m.iimre and appK im; 

 il to a piece of land, while the duiij,' lias been ap- 



LiviNG IN THE West. — The Cincinnati Atlas 

 bnaslsof the good living in the Queen city, and 

 thus iliscourscs : 



It is esiimaied that the market has been sup- 

 plied with one hundred bushels of large delicious 

 Si raw berries daily, Ii r three or four weeks |iast. 

 The Rispberiy is now succeding the Strawberry 

 in about the same qiiaiilities, and the lilackberry 

 will succeed llie R ispberry in like pioliision. — 

 riiere are Siraw hen y patches in ihe neigldior- 

 liood, containing above 20 acre.s, cullivaled by n 

 single individu.'d : and gardens of the same size 

 devoted to ihe Raspberry. These berrii^s sell at 

 the stalls in the niarkil at fiom 5 lo 10 cents per 

 qu.-irl. They form a standing dish on most of the 

 l.iblcs ol' the wealthy and middle chisses;aiid 

 none so poor, but what are more or less siippiied. 

 Choice cms of beef sell at 5 els. per lb.; Pig or 

 Pork 5; Mutton or Lamb, per quarter, 25 lo 37. 



StbaWbivRRIes — The Newark N. J. Adv. says : 

 Strawberries are abundant -this season in every 

 part of the country, and llie market in this city 

 was never belter supplied. A dealer in tlie de- 

 licious iViiit eslimales that 10,000 baskcls were 

 sold yesterday, at lioiii 3 to 5 cenisa b.-isket, and 

 (d' this quaniity one dealer alone (.\Ir. D. G. 

 Doremns) sold upwards of 2300 b:iskels— sever- 

 al himdred of w liich were tine field strawber- 

 ries, fi-«m .-MiraJjaiii Van Winkle's plaiiUition in 

 Lodi, across ihe Uiver. We liave iievtr seen 

 better field straw berriejV. 



Teach your children to Iwlieve that their fii- 

 Iiire livelihood iiiusl depend iqioii /heiroivli exer- 

 tions, and early accnstuai tlicm lo some kiutJof 

 labor. — Dr. James. 



