C^I)C iTavmcr's iiUiutljhj bisitor. 



107 



Coi- rlmrniii;! litittcr, luit llie old fHsliioiied cliiiiii 

 is 11 verv ),'fin<l tulii-lf, if ])io[)fily iifscd. U whs 

 nlwiiv.'"s:iid \>liiii I w;is w liov, lliat, ulieii I l)i!- 

 jinn lo fliiiin, it" I sKiiipfd llie cnaiii «<)u!d go 

 Imck ; niid i would jimii|) mid swi-Jit, iin.l tlic 

 ■•leani would iVolli, till the liiiiiei- liPti.-iii lo col- 

 l.-ct, nnil wlicn it was collected, would lie iih 

 wliile as a luidiii^lit gliosl. And, Dr., it is ilio 

 opinion of most pcojile iliiil if}on liciiio loclitirii, 

 yon must krcp on, witiiont "lotlin^' the (-n-ani 

 iselilc, or wlialvon liave done will ilo no jiood; 

 hilt it is a niistakc. To clinrn IhiMit well, and 

 witli lillle labor, ilie cream should lie cirnrned 

 hnt a few niiiinlos at a lime, without Idling the 

 rreaiii setlie, and llie hiiller will collect in a mass, 

 and much vi-t lower, liial is, lieer from hiilier- 

 milk. 



A very i:ooiI machine for vMiiiiin^' hotter is the 

 same as hakers use for woikinj; doiiyh ; lint ihe 

 siiie qua non lor making linller ihat uill keep 

 s«eet, is ihe workiiis; out all ilie lymph lielore 

 it is salted. I am often luld that huiti'r-milk can 

 he much e.-isier worked out afler the linller is 

 sailed than liefore, lint it is a mistake. What is 

 worked out after the linller is sailed, is not hiil- 

 ((.|- iiiiik — it is wliey — while the roajrulabh! pari 

 of the liiitler-milU is relained in ihe hmier, and 

 can never a^ain lie separate*! lint liy melling the 

 linller. 



Sangerville. J, I" 



CilARCOAI. MOST IMTFCTIVK IN THE (JkOWTH 



or Plants. Mr. iiarnis, ol Brecon, says ''Char- 

 cnai is the most asloiiisliinij; arlicle lo make use 

 of for all purposes <d' rolliv.ilioii, and especial- 

 ly tiir pl.inls under arlilicial ireatmeiit. I jnd^'e 

 tVom many years experience of its use. My pine 

 soil consists of nolhini; lint charcoal and loam, 

 willioni a p;ulicle of manure of any sort. Eve- 

 ry plant uiKJer my care has some chaicnal used 

 alioiil il. I never saw ihe plant that did nol de- 

 liulit in il, and to heiilhs it is most especially ac- 

 ceplihle." Mr. Smart, Gardner at Stradsell tl.ill, 

 has exhihiled lo ihe llorlicnhmal Society some 

 cnrnmhers I'mwii in erpial parts of loam and 

 eliar.-oal, wilhout any manure. No siimnlns 

 could liave<iiven lietter tiuil, .so Hu- as heallh was 

 eoiicerned. — Engineer and .'irrhileeCs Journal. 



Klaxsf.eu. — The Cincinn:iti .Xllas sl.iles that 

 ihe cnllivalicin of fla\ for the seeil alone has he- 

 i-time an import.uit iieni amonu the f-irmeis ol 

 lluoiilum euiimy, one liirmer h.-ivinj; U\eli«y and 

 another ihiriy acres under culliire. 'J'lie eslah 

 lishmenl of oil mills in our weslern cilic; makes 

 aiioine market at a price tliat jiays well for ilie 

 ciiltivaliun, even for the seed alone. 



The revenue of the ports of New York and 

 Boston, (or llie five monih;- eiulina in June 1, 

 Jiu* lieen as follows : 



Vmttd Stairs l'i'vciu:e ficin January to June. 



1S43. ' I8i4. " l[irr«:i5p. 



New V,.il< . . . S3.!'3.3.377 gS.-ltiri.lil.'.^. . . . ,t;t..>l 2.040 



Boston 1 .Oifi.il.'il 2,340.003 1 ,32'.i,07 1 



gt.-i'SO.'iOS glO.S'iJ.O^a ,S5.«(il,7ll 



.\ Lf.sson. — 1 never complained of the vieis- 

 siludes of loilMiie, nor murmured at the ordi- 

 liHin-es ,o,f Me.iven, e.xcrpiinu: once, when my 

 li-'et werr hare and I liari not the means of pio- 

 eiiriii>; shoes. 1 entered ihe yrcat mosqoe, nl Cu- 

 liih, Willi a heavy heart, when 1 heheld a man de- 

 prived of his feet. I otfHied op praise and 

 ihaiiksgivinn lo U-aveii for ii^b Uouiity, and liore 

 Willi patience ihe wantol slioe.s. — SaiH. 



To Prf.ve.nt Children's Clotuks fuom tak- 

 ing FinK. — Afier the Clothes are wa.-lieil, ilie\ 

 shouU'lie r,iiuse.d,ont in aiideralilestidui.' soliilion 

 of alum Wi'.ler. If the doilies require lo lie March- 

 ed, ihe alum may he ptil in the starch water. 



The Pink. — On ilie .^llryhany, oinhe waleis 

 rfif ihe {fpjier Miii^issippi, helweeii Rock Kiver 

 and ihe tails of ^^ Anlhoii\, and in snme places 

 <ni ihe lliiniiis, ihe Weyinonlh, or Noiwejiian 

 pine^lhe white pine of New England — i.s I'mind 

 in all its heaiilyaiid perfeciinn. Il no where has 

 n larger ^iiid taller shall, or a more iieaoiilul Visr- 

 dure of iijiiage, than on the Altegliany; and ills 

 from the hanks of this distant stream, and (ioin 

 its waters in the stale of New Yoi k, that New 

 Orleans is supplied with white pine pJank of the 

 greatest clenriiess and lieanty. On the Gascon- 



ade, the Ossago and the southern rivers of the 

 iMissouri, in the mine country in iMissonri, and 

 from that point, to the upper waters of While 

 River, and aertiss to the Arkansas, the common 

 short leaved pilch pine isahundnnt. It is tall, 

 straiyht, and of a line size for the saw mill. — 

 Flint. 



TiiF. CvPREss. — The cypre.ss liegiiis to lie seen 

 on Ihe swampy and overtiowetl lands, near tln^ 

 monlli of ihe Ohio. It is, along with ihe swamp 

 gum, the most common Ireein the deep swamps 

 from that (loint to the Gulf of Me.Kico. It is in 

 e\ery respect a striking and singular tree. Under 

 its deep sh.ade arise a hundred eminnsly shaped 

 knolis, called "cypress knees.' They are regiihir, 

 com! shaped proiuheiimces, nf ditrerenl heights 

 and ciriMiinferenccs, not unlike l.dl and taper cir- 

 cular li(!e hives. We have ol'ten reniarkeil a very 

 small i'\ pre.ss sprig. th:ii had started liom the apex 

 of one of these cypress knees ; and we helievc, 

 that il will nllimaiely he fijimd that eatdi one ol 

 the kn.^es is the natural matrix of the tree. The 

 Iree itself always has a huttres.s, which has the 

 exact appearance of" an enlarged c\'press knee. 



'J'he nohle trees rear their straight columns 

 from a large, cone .«liape(l hiiliress, w hose circum- 

 ference at ihe ground is, perhaps, three times th.-t 

 ol' ike regular shall of the Iree. This cone rises 

 kn»\ six lo ten i'vcl with a regular and sharp ta- 

 j«;j', am from the apex of Ihe cone lowers llie 

 |MifM''ndicidar culiimn, with liiile taper, after il 

 iianieltthc cones Irom sixty to eighty ft;et clear 

 slial't. Very near its lop, ii hegiiis lo throw oul 

 mnliilniles of hoiizonial hranches, which inter- 

 lace with tlio.-i<: u\' llie adjoining irees, and when 

 hare of leaves, iiave. in air of desolation and death, 

 more easily fell llian descrihed. In the season ol 

 vegetation, the le.ives are slior', fine, and ol a ver- 

 dure su deep, as a'niost to seeju lirown, giving 

 an indescrilialile air of funeral solemnity lo this 

 singular tree. A cypress liirest, when viewed 

 from ihe adjaceiil hills, wiih its niimherless inter- 

 laced anus, covereil wiih this dark lirown lidiage, 

 has the aspect <if a scnfTiikliiig of verdure in the 

 ;iir. Il grows loo, in deep and singular swamps, 

 the haunts of fever, nmsqnilos, moccasin snakes, 

 alligators, ami all loathsome and ferocious ani- 

 mals, ihat congregate fiir (ioni Ihe ahodes of man, 

 and seem to make common cause wiili nature 

 against him. The cypress loves ihe deepest, inosi 

 gloomy, inaccessihie and inmidaleil swami.s ; :md 

 south c.if rf.'3 deg., is generally found covered with 

 the sahSt! festoons of long mos.*, hanging .as il 

 seems, a shrood of mourning wreallis almost lo 

 the ground. Il seems to fluurish hest. where wa- 

 ter covers ils rools for half the year. When il 

 rises from eight or ten feet water of the oveitlow 

 of riveis. ihe apex of iis hiillress is just on a 

 level with ihe surface of the water. It is \'-<;■\\,\^^ 

 many places, that lhe\ cm it. The negroes siir- 

 roiinil the iree in periugiies and thus get at the 

 Iriiiik ahove the huge and hard hultress, and fill 

 it with comparallve case. They cut off the 

 straight shaft .as suits llieir purpose, and float it 



10 the rali, or the ne.-irest iiigh grounds. Unprom- 

 ising, as are the places and ihe cii-cumslcnees of 

 ils giowth, no tree of the country, where it is 

 foonil, is so exlensiiely useful. It is free from 

 knot»", is easily wroughl, K-'id makes evcelleni 

 plaiiUs, sliin!;les, and limlier of all sorl.s. It is 

 very durahh-, and incomparahly the most valiia- 

 lile tree in the soniliern counliy of ihis valley. — 



11 is .1 forlmiaie circiimslani-e, ihal il iulediils the 

 most gloomy and inaccessihie regions, w liicli will 

 not come inio cultivalion for ages. Il will o( 

 course have a heller chance., iwjt 10 share the fate 

 of the most iiserul timlier on the valuahh,' up- 

 lands. The improvident iixe soon lenders lim- 

 her dilTicnll lo he procured, in a country in ihe 

 centie of forests. .Ml the cypress forest. s, how- 

 ever, ihiit are easily accessihle, on the Lower Mis- 

 si.s.si|.|ii. ajld ils tjililitaries, have heen stripped of 

 thi-ir timlier <iy the Mississippi luinherers, who 

 have tloaled lo New Orleans niillioiis of feel of 

 this limlier, from the lands of the United Stales, 

 and who have already crealcl a scarciiy ot this 

 species on ihe margin of the Mississippi. There 

 are, however, in ihe vast swamps of ihe Missis- 

 sippi, Arkansas, Rcvl iiiver, and Florida, iiiox- 

 hauslihle supplies of cvpress still remaiiiing. 



Flint in 1833. 



The SycAMORF. — The sycamore, plafanus oc- 

 ciknlalis, is the king of the western forests. Il 



flourishes alike ill every p.-irt of the valley, that 

 we have seen, it is the hirgesi tree of our woods, 

 and rises in Ihe most graceful liirins, with vast, 

 spreading, lateral hranidies covered with hark ol' 

 .'1 hrilliant white. These hnndretl whiu? arms of 

 the syi:.imore, interlacing with ihe liraiiches of 

 the oilier foresl Irees, in the rich alluvion, where 

 il delights to grow, adil one of the dislinguishing 

 trails of grandeur and heaulv to the forests. A 

 liee of this kind, iK'.-ir Mariella, measured tifteen 

 f el and H halt' in diameler. — We have seen one 

 on llie Hig .Miami, which we iliotighl still larger. 

 Judge Tucker, of iMissonri, cm off' a seclinn of 

 ihe hollow Hunk of a syciinore, and applied a 

 roof toil, and filled it up liir a study. It was reg- 

 ularly c\ lindrii-al, ami when lined up with a 

 stove, and other .•irr.angemenls made an ample 

 and convenient apartment. We sasv ihis gigantic 

 seclion of a tree, coiivejed on sleds prepared on 

 purpose, and drawn liy asufficienl immher of ox- 

 en to its resting place. It is very common lo oh- 

 .serve this heaulifnl irei; on llie m.irgiii of rivers, 

 from ten lo lifteen feel in circumference. — Flint. 



CoTTOiN Wood. — The cotKm wood, jmpuhis 

 (/f//oi'Jf.9, is proliahly, more ahimdaiil on the lower 

 courses of ihe (.>hio, on llie whole course of the 

 Mississippi, Mi-s<imi, Si. Francis, While River, 

 .Arkaiisa.s, and Red River, th.in any other tree. — 

 Il is a tree of the |)oplar class, and in appearand! 

 helween the U.dui of (iile.id, and the Lombardy 

 popl.ir. It is a nohle and loliy forest iree, and 

 somelini'JS vies with the sycamore ilself for pre- 

 dominance in size and grandeur. Il is of singu- 

 lar beiiuiy, when ils liili.-ige is but parity imliilded 

 in the spring. We have seen these trees, espi!- 

 cially ill the valley of Red River, twelve l<.et in 

 diameter; and there are single trees thai will 

 nmke a thoos.ind rails. When they are col in 

 ihe ^^ inter, Ihe moinenl the axe penetr.iles the 

 centre of the Iree, ihere gushes out a stream of 

 water, or .s.ap ; and a simile tree will discharge 

 gal ons. On the sand bars and islands of ihe riv- 

 in-.s, wherever the alluvial earih begins lo deposit, 

 there springs op a growth ot' colion wood, the 

 young trees standing so thick as to render it diffi- 

 enli for a bird to fly among them, and having, lo 

 a person passing at a lillle distance on the river, 

 •a singular appearance of reguk-irily, as Ihoiigh 

 lliey had been put out to ornament a ]deasiire 

 ground. Tht! popular name, 'colKm wood,' is 

 derived from the ciremiistaiice, that soon afler 

 the Iriliage is unfolded, il (lowers, and when the 

 flowers fiill, it se.-ilters on the ground a downy 

 mailer exacily resembling short ginned colion in 

 feeling ami appearance. — Flint. 



ViNFS IN TiiF. Mississippi Yai.i.f.y.— The com- 

 mon grupe \\nc.vilis si/lves'.ris, is ditlii.sed ihrongh 

 all the climates. Noihing isso liuniliar lo the e,^e 

 of a traveller in this country, as soon as he enteru 

 on the richer lands, as to see \ ines. olieii of a 

 prodigious size, ihat are perpendicularly attached 

 at the lop lir.inches, sixly or eighty feel from the 

 ground, and .-it a great lateral dislance from the 

 irimk of the iree. Il is a siaiiiling puzzle lo a 

 young man, first brought into these woods. lo lask 

 his ingenuiiy, by pulling to him to account for Ihe 

 manner in which a vine, peih.-ips maily of ihe 

 size of llie human body, has been able lo rejir it- 

 self to sm 11 a height. There can he, however, 

 noiloiiht, that ihe vine, in ihis case, is coeval with 

 ihe tree ; ihal the tree, as il grew, reared ihe vine, 

 and ihat ihe vine receded from the trunk, wiih 

 ihe pioleclion of ihe lateral brnnehes, unlil, in 

 ihe l.-ipse of lin e, ibis singnlaiappearance is pre- 

 sented., in niany places ball' the irees in a bot- 

 lom are covered with these vines. In the <lee|. 

 foresls,x;n the hill.s, in the bariens, in the liable 

 (irairies, and in the pine woods, every lorm and 

 si/.e of Jlie itrape vine presents ilself We pre- 

 sume lliere is no sciee.titic and complete descrip- 

 li<in and arrangement of ihese vine.s. — Fhnt. 



Reaver I1intiv(; in tiik West.— At the 



tources.of the Mi'tissippi, Missouri, Yellowstone, 

 Plane, White, Arkansas and Red rivers, and on 

 all their ii ibnlaries.ihal have courses In ihe Rocky 

 Momilains, the gifal object .oJ' pursuii, bolh by 

 «he himlers and trappers, white and savage, is 

 the heaver. It is llie chief source of gain to the 

 savaires; their de^Miodence for iJjcir supply from 

 the whites of arms, ammunition, blankets, stroiitl- 

 ing, traps, whiskey, and all objects of necessity 

 and desire. To these lonely and sequestered re- 



