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Sl)e iarmcr'0 iilont()lp Visitor, 



131 



'lie !;:ioiiiut liiis Ijeeii deeply moved once, it feols 

 Hie benefit Ibi ever after. A garden is made lo 

 List fur (iir« ; what ifien, in sucli a case, is the 

 ninount of twenty dollars? It is known to nil 

 who have had experience oil the sidiject, tliat of 

 two plants of alinosi any kind that stand for the 

 space of three months in top boil of the same 

 (juidiiy, one being on gronnd deeply moved, and 

 the other on fironnd mined no deeper than is (is- 

 iial, the former will exceed the latter one half in 



Imlk. And as to trees of all descriptions, tjoiii 

 the pear-tree down to the cfMiant-biish, the dil- 

 ference is so ;;real, that lliere is rootn for no coiii- 

 parison. It is n notion with soine persons that it 

 is of no use lo move the ground deeper than the 

 roots of the plant I'eneti-ate. But in the first 

 place, the roots fio uiuch deeper than we gener- 

 ally suppose. When we puU up a cabbage, tor 

 insiance, we see no roots more than a foot long ; 

 tint if we were carefully to pursue the roots to 

 their utmost point, even as far as our eye would 

 .-.ssist U!*. we should find the roots n great deal 

 longer, and ti.e exlmnilies of the roots are much 

 loo fine to be seen by the naked eye. Upon pull- 

 ing up a common turnip, who would imagine that 

 the side or horizonlal roots extend \o secerni feet ? 

 Yet I have traced theui to the lenglli of lour feel; 

 and Mr. Tull proved that ihey extended to six feet, 

 though he could not see them to that extent with 

 liif naked eye. But though the roots should not 

 extend nearly to the boilom of the moved ground, 

 the plants are affected by the unmoved ground 

 being near at liiuul. If this were not tlie case, 

 plants with very short roots might be ciillivated 

 on a brick pav^nieni, with earth laid upon it to 

 the thickness of « foot ; an<I yet no plant will live 

 and thrive in such a state, while it will do, very 

 well in gpouiul alongside of the pavetnent, though 

 moved only a foot deep. Plants re(piire a con - 

 mnnication with, and an assistance from beneath, 

 as well as from above, in order to give them vigor 

 and fi!cundity. Plants will live, anil will grow, 

 to a certain extent in earthen [lots, or in boxes 

 made of wood; but there must he holes in the 

 iiollom of IkiiIi, or the plants will die. 



23. It is, thereliire, of the greatest importance 

 that the ground be moved tJ good depth, and he 

 who is about to make a ganlen Bhonld remember 

 that he is about lo do tliat, the effects of which 

 are to be felt for ages. There is, however, one 

 objection to tienching, in certain cases. The soil 

 may not only be good to the depth of two feet, 

 but it imty lie bad long before you come to that 

 depth ; and, in this case, the trenching, in putting 

 (he good soil at bottom, might bring a hungry 

 Kund, or even a gravel or clay to the top, which 

 must not be done by any means; for even in the 

 case of trees, they woiilil perish, or become stunt- 

 ed, because their' roots would not find their way 

 from the bad soil to the good. In such cases the 

 top soil must, in the trenching, be kept at the top ; 

 and in order to effect this, yoiu' mn<le of proceed- 

 ing, In the trenching, must be somewhat differ- 

 ent from that described in Paragraph 20. 



93. Your Jirst trench must be opened in the 

 manner described in that paragraph; but you 

 must not then proceed to tin u the to/) of the next 

 two feet inio the hollom of the trench. Let us 

 «uppose, now, that you have your first trench, 

 two feet wide, as belijie directed, open and clean. 

 This being the ca.se, take a foot deep of the next 

 two feet, all the way along, and for this once, 

 throw it over the open trench to add to the earth 

 that you have already thrown out of that trench. 

 Then you will have the bottom foot of earth left. 

 Dig nut this, and turn it into the bottom of your 

 open trench, and the first Irench will be half fill- 

 ed up, and you will have got your second trench 

 open. Then go to a tieir two feet wide, that is, 

 the third two feet. Tid<e the top foot deep off 

 from this, and throw it on the top of the earth 

 (hat you iiave just turned into the first trench ; 

 .•;nd then, where that first trench was, there will 

 tic earth two feet deep; the bad soil at bottom, 

 and the good soil at top. Then you go on regu- 

 larly. The bottom foot of the fourth two feet 

 svide piece you tmi) into the bottom of the sec- 

 ond trench, and the top foot of the third two feet 

 wiile piece you throw on the top of the earth 

 which is at the Imttom of the second trench. — 

 Aud thu?, when you have done, you will have 

 moved all your ground two feet deep, and will 

 have the bad soil at bottom, and the good at to[». 

 24. At the end of your work, you will, of 

 courso, have t» nprn trcn*k and a half; and this 



must be filled up by carrying the earth, which 

 came out of the first trench, round in a cart or 

 wheel-barrow, and putting it into the space that 

 you will have open at last. Vor lives nnd aspara- 

 gus, you ought to do still more. 



25l It nmst be observed, however, that though 

 the soil be good in its nature down to two feet 

 deep, that which comes to the top in the first 

 mode of trenching, will not be immediately good 

 for use, as the soil which has been at the top for 

 ages. It is, it! such a ease, of great advantage to 

 place the old top soil at the bottom ; because 

 when roots find the soil good to such a depth, the 

 plants and trees thrive and bear surprisingly. — 

 But then, the new top soil must be exceedingly 

 well worked, aud well and judiciously manured, 

 in order to make it equal to the old top soil, which 

 object is, however, very soon accomplished, if the 

 proper means be made use of. 



25. The ground, being trenched in October; 

 ought to be well manured at top with good well- 

 rotled dung, or with soap-boiler's ashes, or some 

 other good manme : and this might be ploughed, 

 or dug in shallowly. Before the frost is gone in 

 the spring, another good coat of manure should 

 be put on ; well-rotted manure from the yard, 

 aehes, or if ready, from a good compost. Then, 

 when the frost is gone, the ground will be in- 

 stantly fit fur digging and planting ; and it will 

 bear almost any thing that can be put on to it. 



27. Thus will the ground be prepared; and 

 here I close my directions with regard to the na- 

 ture ami preparation of the soil. But it seems 

 necessary to aild a lew words on the subject of 

 »HrijiM(ei "as adajited to a garden. It is generally 

 thought, and, I believe, truly, that du7ig of any 

 sort is not what ought to be used in the raising of 

 garden vegetables. It is very certain that they 

 are coarse and gross when produced with aid of 

 that siirt of manure, compared to what they are 

 when raised with the aid of ashes, lime, rags and 

 composts. And besides, dung, in hot soils and hot 

 climates, adds lo the heat; while ashes, lime, 

 rags and composts do not ; but, on the contrary, 

 they attract, and cause the earth to retain, mois- 

 ture. 



28. All the ground in a garden ought ahcays 

 to be good; and it will be kept in this state if it 

 l)e well manured once every year. Perhaps it will 

 scarcely ever bo convenient to any one to ma- 

 nure the whole garden at one time; and this is 

 not of so much importance. Clay, or any earth, 

 burnt, is e.xcellent matinie for a garden. It has 

 no seeds of iveeds or grass in it. A compost, 

 made of such aslie.«, some wood ashes, a small 

 portion of horse-dung, rotten leaves, and mould 

 shovelled up under trees, around buildings, or on 

 the sides of roads— all these together, put into a 

 heap, and turned over several times, make the 

 best manure for a garden. 



29. A great deal more is done by tiie fermenta- 

 tion of manures than people generully imagine. 

 In the mouth of June lake twenty cart-loads of 

 earth, which has been shovelled off the surface 

 of a grassy lane, or liy a road-side, or round 

 about barns, stables and the like. Lay these 

 twenty loads about a foot thick on some conve- 

 nient spot. Go and cut up twenty good cart- 

 loads of weeds of any sort, and lay these, well sha- 

 ken up, on the earth. Then cover the weeds with 

 twenty more cart-loa<ls of earth like the former, 

 throwing the earth on lightly. In three days you 

 will see the heap smoke as if on fire. If you put 

 your hand into the earth, you will find it too hot 

 to be endured. In a few days, the heat will de- 

 cline, and you will perceive the heap sink. Let 

 it remain a week after this, and then turn it very 

 carefully. This will mix the whole well together. 

 You wifl find the weeds and grass in a ptttrid 

 state. Another heating will take place, but less 

 fiuioiis than the former. Turn it a second lime 

 in seven days: and u third time in seven days 

 more. And by this lime you will linyc forty cart- 

 loads of manure, etpial in strength to twenty of 

 yard dung, and a vast deal better for a garden, or, 

 indeed, tor any other land. It is not expensive 

 to obtain this sort of manure ; and such a heap, 

 or pari of such a heap, might at all limes be rea- 

 dy for the use of the garden. When such a heap 

 were once formed, some ashes, fish-shells, or 

 bones reduced lo powder, or other enlivening 

 matter, might be adde<l to it, and mixed well with 

 it; aud thus would a store be always at hand for 

 any part of lit* garden Ihat might want it. 



From tlie N. V. Journal of Commerce. 

 Commerce and Navigation. 



We have received IVoni Waaljington the aiinuil Com- 

 mercial Slnteinent of the Sccrctiiry uf the Treisury for 

 the year I8t2-3. In consequence of a recent Actof tjon- 

 trresa requiring the fiscal year to l/jrminate on tile 30ttl of 

 June, instead of the 30th of Septeuiber as heretofore, the 

 present votunte eiabraces a peritid of only nine tnonths. 

 It is to be regretted that these always interesting docu- 

 lueiits shoutii he so tardy in coining before the public, 

 and we cannot hut tiiiiik the evil might be abated ; al- 

 though we are too well acquainted wilh statistical calcu- 

 lations not to be aware of the iuiniense labor and care 

 which it must cost to get up such a worli in a gatisfactofy 

 manner. In several respects this volume is an improve- 

 nient upon any of its predecessors. 



The value of esports from the li. States dnrinjr (be 

 nine months endin;j 30th Jnne. IHU, was g8t,34i6,430; 

 of which, ;J77.793,7lJ;5 were of domestic origin, and gti,- 

 552,697 were foreign articles re-eicported. The imports 

 during the same period were jjti4.753,799 ; Of u'hich, 

 g35,574,581 were free of duty ; ^16,684,875 paid ad v»- 

 lorem duties, and «[12,'191;3'iO specific duties. Total 

 goods paying duties, ^29,173515. I'rom thissoiill amount, 

 being much less than half the total imports during the 

 same period, we derived nearly our whole revenue. We 

 say nearly, for there is a small uicocne constantly accru- 

 ing from the public lands. Our commercial readers need 

 not be informed that the present Tariff went iato opera- 

 tion aboyt a month before the period embraced in thi« 

 statement commenced. 



Tiic following schedule ahowB the amount and descrip- 

 tion of the articles going to make up the total of <1o«ob8- 

 tic exports : 



THK lEi. 



Products of Fisheries — 



Dried fish, or cod fisheries.... ..5381,175 



Pickled fish, or rivet fisheries, 

 (herring, sh.nd, salmon, mack- 

 erel).... 116.0+2 



Whale and other fish <.ils 803,774 



Spermaceti oil 310,768 



Whalebone '257,481 



Stiermaceti candles 243,305 



rut roRKsT. 



Skins ,uid furs 453,869 



Ginseng 193,870 



froducta of wood — 

 Staves, shingles, boards, hewn tim- 

 ber 1,026,179 



Other lumber 211,111 



M.asts and spars 19,663 



Oak bark and other dye 39A38 



All manufactures of wood 391,312 



>;aval stores, tar, pitch, rosin and 



turpentine 475,357 



Ashes, pot and pearl 54! ,004- 



XGKICULTwUE. 



Produci of animals — 

 Beef, tallow, hides, horned cattle 1,092,949 



Butter and cheese 508,968 



Pork, (pickled) bacon, lard, live 



hogs.. 2.120,020 



Horses and mules 212,696 



Sheep 29,061 



Vegetable food — 



Wheat 264,109 



Flour 3.763.073 



I ndian corn 2S 1 ,749 



Indian meal...... 454,166 



Rye meal 65,631 



Rye oats, and other small grain 



and pulse... 108.640 



Biscuit, or sliipbread 312,234 



Potatoes 47.757 



Apples 32,825 



Kicc 1,625,726 



■351,809 



'Pobacco 



Cotton 



AU other agricultural products — 



Flaxseed 49.405 



Hops 123.745 



Brown sugar 3,435 



Indigo 198 



10,919,605 



4,650,979 



49,199,806 



176.784 



H.tNUFACTl'KES. 



Sosp and tallow candles 407,105 



Leather, boots and shoes - l!5,-353 



Household furniture 197,982 



Coaches and other carriages 48,036 



Hats 39,843 



Saddlery 17,653 



Wal.... 137,532 



Spirits from grain 21,395 



Beer, ale, porter and cider... ... 44,064 



SnulTand tobacco 278,319 



Lead 492,765 



Linseed oil and ap'ts of turpeatiiic 29,434 



Cordage 22,198 



Iron — pig, bar, and nails 120,923 



Castings 41,189 



All manufactures of 370,581 



Spirits from molasses 117,537 



Sugar, refined 47,345 



Chocolate '-,032 



Gunpowder 47.088 



Copper and brass 79,334 



Medicinal drugs 108,438 



Cotton piece goode — 



■1,786,043 



