^{)c jTarmcr's iUcintl)li) biriitor- 



■ W^M J"""" 



173 



]0 dozen Fowls. 



3 dozen do., extra size, or Capons. 



5 dozen Guinea Hens. 



25 pair Wild Ducks. 



50 do. Woodcoclc. 



50 do. Quails. 



20 do. Rabbits. 



20 do. Grey Squirrels. 



15 dozen Pigeons. 



10 do. Wild Geese. 



50 lbs. Sautiages. 



10 Calves Heads. 



5 legs Veal. 



5 loins do. 



Vegetables and Fruits. 

 1500 green Cabbages. 

 800 led do. 

 200 Cauliflower do. 

 30 barrels Wliite Turnips. 

 10 4 do. do. do. 

 15 barrels Carrots. 

 10 4 do. do. 



3 barrels Beets. 



4 4 do. do. 



5 4 do. Parsnips. 

 1 barrel Horseradish. 



1 do. Cranberries. 

 10 kegs do. 3 gallons each. 



2 4 barrels Barberries. 

 5 kegs do. 5 gallons each. 

 10 barrels While Onions. 

 1000 bunches Red, large. 

 20 barrels Potatoes. 

 300 Celery Roots. 

 .50 bunches Mint. 



2 barrels Sweet Potatoes. 

 30 barrels Baldwin Apples. 



do. do. 

 do. do. 

 Russetts. 

 do. 

 do. 

 another kind, 

 do. 

 do. 

 Pears. 

 10 boxes blood Peaches. 



3 do. St. Ubes Grapes. 

 50 Cheeses of about 20 lbs. each. 

 1000 lbs. do. about 10 lbs. in single boxes. 

 200 doz. fresh Eggs in 4 barrels. 



100 do. in packages of 4 doz. each. 



500 lbs. Iresh Buller. 



50 kegs do. 20 to 25 lbs. each, shipping butter 



best. 

 10 kegs spiced Tripe, 2 gallons each. 

 10 do. pickled do. 2 gallons each. 

 20 jars, one gallon each, Craidierry Sauce. 

 10 do. one gallon each Barberry Sauce. 



3 doz. Oyster Knives. 

 2 do. Cheese Triers. 

 2 Butter, do. 



1 do. do. 



4 doz. live Guinea Hens. 



(JJ^ Several numbers of the Monthly Visitor 

 have this year been badly printed on paper much 

 poorer than the present number, and that which 

 we intend to use hereafter. Oiir power press 

 has now been fixed in a position where, with due 

 care in the work, a better impression sh.ill be 

 given. These considerations, we hope, will not 

 only induce our thousands of sidiscribers to con- 

 tinue their patronage, but thousands of others to 

 add their natues. 



To the Editor of the Monthly Visitor— 



A few remarks on Engineering may perhaps 

 find an ai'ce|)table place in your valuable paper. 



Eiigineeiiug is the application of power or 

 force to mechanical agents whereby weight may 

 be removed, or resistance overcome. It is thus 

 naturally divided iiuo 



Dynamics, or Powers; Mechanics, Agencies 

 or Application ; and Statics, or Weight and Re- 

 sislance to be overcome. 



Dyuatnics is the science of absolute or relative 

 force. Force is that which causes a change in 

 the state of a body, be it either of rest or of mo- 

 tion. And the amount of force by which one 

 body in motion acts upon another is called its 

 inomentnm. It is equivalent to the product ol 

 the mass of the body multiplied by its velocity. 

 The mass of a body denotes at the same time its 

 bulk and its density. 



Forces are of two kinds. Pressures and Im- 

 pulses. A pressive Ibrce acts upon a body to put 

 it in motion, and by continuing to act, accelerates 

 that motion, as is witnessed in the force of gravi- 

 ty on descending bodies. An impulsive force 

 acts instantaneously upon a body and then ceases 

 to afi'ect it: as the stroke of the hammer, the ex- 

 plosion of gunpowder, or the discharge of the 

 electrical battery. The forces usually brought in 

 subjection to the aid of the engineer are, 1st— 

 the powers of the human an<l animal beings 

 that surround him ; 3d— the power of water; 

 3d — the power of air; 4th — the power of steaii ; 

 5th — the power of electro magnetism ; and tith — 

 the power of gravitation. 



In comparing the ditierent powers, the work 

 of a laboring man is<aken as a unit, and is reck- 

 oned to be equal to the raising of 10 lbs., 10 feet 

 each second for JO hours out of the 24, or 3G0,- 

 000 lbs. a day. A nioderate horizontal weight for 

 a strong porter walking at the rate of 3 miles an 

 hour is 200 lbs. Porters in Tmkey, it is said, will 

 carry a short distance 8 or 900 lbs. A chaitunan 

 will carry 150 lbs. and walk 4 miles an hour. A 

 weak man will lift with his hands about 125 lbs. ; 

 a strong man 400 lbs. Tophain could lilt 800 lbs., 

 and with his teeth and kiiees a table (j lt;et in 

 length with a half cwt. at the end. He coidd al- 

 so bend an iron roil three inches in circimd'er- 

 ence to a right angle by striking it upon his left 

 tbre-arni — bend anil unbend it about his iiccU, 

 and snap a hempen rope two inches in circuni- 

 fereuce. Belzoni, the celebrated traveller, by 

 having a harness fitted to his hips, was ca[)able 

 of sustaining even in an upright position a pyra- 

 mid of ten or twelve men surmounted by two or 

 three children, whose aggregate weight could not 

 have been less than 2000 lbs. with which he 

 would walk to and Irom the front of tlie stage. 



The daily work of the lioise on a horizontal 

 plain is equal to five or six men, while u|) a stee|> 

 it is eipial to only three or four men. An eh'- 

 phant will carry a weight of between 3 and 4000 

 lbs.; and with its tusks it will tear up trees of 

 more than middling size, while with its trunk 

 wliich consists of a congeries of more than 30,- 

 000 muscles, it will snap oiT the stoutest branch- 

 es from the largest trees. The lion, with a sin- 

 gle stroke of its i)aw, will break the back l>one of 

 the largest horse, and such is the strength of his 

 jaws that lie will carry ofi:' a buffalo at lull speed, 

 anil crushing the bones with his teeth, swallow 

 thi-iu as part of his lijod. Ntitlier is a liony lever 

 a necessary agent to muscular power lor the tail 

 of the whale. The body of the shark and of the 

 sepia octopodia or eight-armeil cuttle fish, which 

 are siiiqily uiiisciilar and ligaiiieiilous, or cartila- 

 giiioiis, and destitute of bone, are amongst the 

 most powerful organs pertaining to animals of 

 tlie ocean. The hist, with arms extending to the 

 distance of nine liithofns or (ifty-fbur feet, will 

 clasp a man or even a Newfounilland dog with a 

 force from which they can v^itli the ntiuost dif- 

 ficulty extricate themselves. 



The rate at which a body moves is called its 

 velocity, and is either absolute or relative. If a 

 horse travels fifty miles in ten hours, his absolute 

 velocity or speed is five miles per hour, but com- 

 pared with the reindeer, his relative speed is oii- 

 Iv about two-filihs. 'I'he ordinary rale per second 



of a Ulan walking, is 4 fi'et. 



" good Inline ill harness 12 " 



" reindeer in a sledge on the ice.. 29 " 

 of ail Englisli llioroiigh bred iacehorse43 " 



of a hare 88 " 



" ship niiilir sail 14 " 



of the wind 82 " 



" sound 10^8 " 



" wind riisliiiiL' into a vaciiuin, i:iid 



of a 94 lb. caiinou ball 1300 " 



The power of water is pressive, anil the a- 

 inonnt of pressure is ascertained by iniiltiplying 

 the perpendicular height in feet fiiiiii ilie centre 

 of pressure to llie surliu-e by (>24 lbs. (the weight 

 of a cubic fool of water) and which is its pres- 

 sure upon a square liiol ol siiiliice at the bollfnn. 

 The centre of |)ressiire of the side of a cistern 

 or a Hood gate that reaches the top of the water 

 is at two-thirds the distance from the top down- 

 wards. 'J'his is owing to llie side and upward 

 pressure. When water issues from a hole in liie 

 bottom or side of a vessel, its velocity is equal to 

 that acquired by a body lalliiig through free 

 space from a height equal to that of the snrliice 

 of the water above the iiperlure. A column of 



water two inches stiuare at the base, and 5S feet 

 in height, will weigii JO llis., and balance the es- 

 timated unit of man's labor; and six such col- 

 umns the power of a single horse. Its inomeii- 

 tum will be in proportion to its velocity, and that 

 to its pressure and descent. A six horse pow i r 

 is estimated to be sufficient for one run ol' mill- 

 stones in ordinary or a five horse power for 

 wheat. From six to eight horse power tbra saw 

 mill. When yoked to the plough, a span of 

 horses is said to exert a power e(pial to 150 lbs., 

 while his power of traction alone when har- 

 nessed in a carriage is equal to 144 lbs. The ve- 

 locity of water from a fall ot one foot is estima- 

 ted at 7,63 feet or 7 feet and 02 decimal.s of a 

 foot — at two feet fall, 10,77 feet — at three ii;et liill, 

 J3,20feet— at fbur leet fall, 15,24 feet— at five 

 feetlidl, J7.04— andatsix feet fall, 18,67 leet. The 

 action ofa stream upon its bed, from experiment, 

 has been fonnd to be as tbllows, viz : a velocity of 

 three inches per second begins to work on fine 

 clay — of six inches will lift fine sand — of eight 

 inches will lift sand the size of flaxseed — and of 

 twelve inches will sweep along gravel — of tweii- 

 ty-lonr inches will roll along pebbles one inch in 

 diameter — and thirty-six inches per second will 

 sweep along stones the size of an egg. 



The air is also pressive, and a column of air 

 extending to the top of the atmosphere and rest- 

 ing on a base of one inch area weighs about 

 15 lbs. The specific gravity of the air compared 

 with that of water is about ^00. Wind is air 

 put in motion, and its momentum varies in pro- 

 portimi to its velocity from the slowest percepti- 

 ble motion to tli.-it of fifty or sixty miles an hour. 

 It consequently furnishes a power of iuiuiense 

 utility in navigation, and of considerable use in 

 the arts. VVindmills have been erected where 

 water power was deficient, for which, although 

 not a constant, yet it is often a convenient substi- 

 tute. Jn working windmills, twenty-five sipiare 

 feet of the sails is equivalent to the work of a 

 single laborer. Whence a full sized tniil, provi- 

 rled it could be made to work eight hours a day, 

 woiikl be equivalent to the labor of ihirly-lijur 

 men. Steam is also a pressive power, operating 

 as an antagonist power to the pressure of the at- 

 mosphere. Water, in passing into vapor, ex- 

 |iands to 1696 times its volume, and is lighter 

 than air in the |)roportioii of 623 to 1000. In es- 

 timating the power of steam it should he noticed 

 that vapor separated from tin; liquid which pro- 

 duced it possesses no more ela-^liciiy than an e- 

 qiKii quantity of free atmospheric air ; but if wa- 

 ter is present, each addition of caloric causes a 

 fi-esh portion of steam to arise whiili adds to its 

 own elastic tiirce lo the vapor previously existing 

 similar to throwing air into a vessel by a conden- 

 sing syringe, and in consequence of excessive 

 pressure is soon exerted against the inside of the 

 vessel. 



In calculating the pouerof the sleam engine, 

 every square inch of the piston is reckoned to be 

 equivalent to the power of a cominon laboring 

 man. A steam engine of the best construction 

 with a thirty inrli cylinder lias the power of liirly 

 horses, and as it aiMs without iuterniission if pro- 

 perly allended, will per(i)riii the work of 120 

 iioises, or 600 men. The low piessiiie engines 

 ill Hliich the pressure is equivalent only to the 

 weight of the atmosphere, may be managed with 

 ease and employed with secnrily. The high 

 pressure engines. are more dangerous and ivipiire 

 tnore care, but are applicable as a motive power 

 in many iiislances when the other mode would 

 be uusufficient. 



Electro iMagnetisii) as a motive power is of 

 recent application. It was known some years 

 since that a small piece of steel or a needle 

 placed in a coiled or spiial wire horizonially, and 

 agsliock passed from tlie electrical niachiue or 

 Leydeii jar llnongh the wire, that the steel \\<iiihl 

 acipiire magnetic power. But it was not until 

 J8:!7tliat Messrs. Devenport & Cook, by a dilfrr- 

 ent mollification, and the aid of ilie galvanic bat- 

 tery, iucreaseil the niagnetic force nearly a thou- 

 sand per cent, and made an atleuqit to apply tliat 

 force to machinery with some prospect of suc- 

 cess. Its force is impulsive and so instantane- 

 ously transmitted In a good conductor that it has 

 been calculated to travel at the rale of 288,000 

 miles (equal to 1 14 limes round the globe) in one 

 second of time. It is now practically .'ipplied in 

 telegraphic despatches ill this coiuitiy and in 

 F.urope ; but is not yet advantageously applied 



