CHAPTER XI 



GYMXODINIIDAE : GY^^rXODIXIUM, G. ABBREVIATU^I TO 



G. GRA^IMATICUM 



GYMNODINIUM Stein emend. 

 Text figures A, B, I, M, V-BB 



Gymnodinium Stein (1878-83), in part, pp. 89-91, pi. 2, figs. 14-21, pi. 3, figs. 1^. 

 Peridinium Ehrenberg (1834), in part, pp. 126-127; (1835), pp. 270-271; (1838), p. 254, 



pi. 22, fig. 15. 

 Gymnodiniunu Saville-Kent (1880-82), pp. 442-444. pi. 25, figs. 17-20, 53. 54, 58-61. 

 Gymnodinium, Poueliet (1883), in part, pp. 445, 446, text figs. I, L, M, pi. 21, figs. 39, 40. 

 Gymnodinium, Biitsehli (1885)', in part, pp. 1007, 1008, pi. 51, figs. 4^9. 

 Gymnodinium, Sehiitt (1895), in part, pis. 21-25; (1896), pp. 4, 5, fig. 5. 

 Gymnodinium, Delage and Herouard (1896), in part, p. 384. Fig. 666 is Gyrodinium 



spirale. 

 Gymnodinium, ilez (1898), in part, p. 216. 



Gymnodinium, Schonichen and Kalberlah (1900), p. 230; (1908), p. 251. 

 Gymnodinium, CaUdns (1902), in part, p. 429, fig. 20. 

 Gymnodinium. Paulsen (1908). in part, pp. 97-101, figs. 132-138. 

 Gymnodinium, Lemmermann (1910), p. 565, figs. 13, 14, 17-23; p. 613, figs. 1-19, 23, 26, 



30; pp. 618-626. 

 Gymnodinium, Dofleiu (1911), in part, pp. 526-529, figs. 472-475. 

 Gymnodinium, Poche (1913), pp. 162, 163. 

 Gymnodinium, Schilling (1913), pp. 14-21, figs. 10-20. 



DiAGXOSIS 



G^^nnodiniidae without torsion of the body; girdle a descending left spiral 

 dis])laced less than one-fifth the total length of the body or it may form a com- 

 plete circle aronnd the body ; sulcus may extend from the apex to the antapex 

 or may be very short on either epicene or hA^DOcone or both. The nucleus is 

 usually in the center or posterior pai't of the body, but is sometimes found 

 anteriorly; perinuclear membrane rarely present; nucleus usually filled with 

 distinct moniliform chromatin strands. Pusules are generally foimd, opening 

 anteriorly into the anterior flagellar pore, posteriorly into the posterior pore, 

 or rarely they may be fused into one large j)usule opening into both pores. No 

 nematocysts; i^lasma varying from colorless, with or without ehromatoj^hores, 

 to highly colored; pigment granules sometimes present. Surface may be 

 smooth, striate, ridged, or furrowed. Sometimes diiferentiated into ectoplasm 

 and endoplasm. Nutrition may be holozoie or holophytic. Encystment in thin- 

 walled membrane frecjuent. Length, 11-210^. Marine, brackish, and fresh 

 waters, pelagic and littoral, mainly in temperate latitudes ; 76 species kno^^•n. 



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