1 88 FROM LAMARCK TO ST. HILAIRE. 



ing ' Biology ' as the science of living Nature, in 

 1802. It is an interesting coincidence that both he 

 and Lamarck independently felt the need of a 

 comprehensive term for the principles underlying 

 Botany and Zoology, and proposed it in the same 

 year. 



Huxley has also placed Treviranus beside La- 

 marck as" one of the founders of the Evolution 

 theory; but a careful study of Treviranus' chief 

 work — Biologic oder P liilosophie der lebenden 

 Natur — does not justify our ranking these two 

 men together. In the other extreme, Treviranus, as 

 an evolutionist, has been too widely ignored. He 

 is not named by any of the French writers; his 

 own countryman, Haeckel, has shown his posi- 

 tion clearly, but places him below Oken. I may 

 give a rather full statement of his views. His Bio- 

 logie was published several years after Lamarck's 

 first essay upon Evolution, but in the preface of 

 his last work, — Erschcinungcn luid Gcsctze des 

 Organischeii Ledens, which was published in 1830, 

 — Treviranus states that he had reached his conclu- 

 sions independently of and prior to Lamarck. 

 Even in this case we cannot claim for Trevira- 

 nus great originality; for in his conception of Evo- 

 lution he does not advance ver}' far beyond the 

 standpoint reached by Buffon in his middle period, 

 and he appears to us rather as a very careful student 

 and compiler not only of Buffon but of Leibnitz, 

 Kant, Schelling, — all of whom suggested the 



